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41.
Maki Itoh Toshimitsu Suzuki Yoshihiko Tsujimoto Ken-ichi Yoshii Yoshinobu Takegami Yoshihisa Watanabe 《Fuel》1983,62(1):98-102
Thermal cracking of tar-sand bitumens has been carried out using a two-stage pyrolysis reactor with temperature zones of 440°C and 750–800°C, respectively. Feedstocks were pyrolysed in the first stage into cracked oils, which were carried to the second stage for subsequent pyrolysis. Only 12–14 wt% of ethylene was obtained from tar-sand bitumens at the residence time of 1.2 s in the second stage, although 27 and 16 wt% were obtained from Taching and Iranian heavy vacuum residues, respectively. The tar-sand bitumens contain shorter paraffinic straight-chains and have more branched molecules than the vacuum residues of petroleum. A straight-chain paraffin index is proposed, with which a good correlation was obtained between ethylene yield and the fraction of straight-chain paraffin carbons in the heavy oil. 相似文献
42.
The strength, S , of ceramic and glass fibers often can be estimated from fractographic investigation using the fracture mirror radius, r m , and the relationship S = A m /( r m )1/2 , where A m is the "mirror constant." The present work estimates the value of A m for Tyranno® Si-Ti-C-O fibers in situ in a three-dimensional woven SiC/SiC-based composite to be 2.50 ± 0.09 MPa·m1/2 . This value is within the range of 2–2.51 MPa·m1/2 previously obtained for nominally similar Nicalon® Si-C-O fibers. 相似文献
43.
Carbon materials are often used as catalyst supports, and for catalysts in electrodes of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, carbon black has been used. Recently, it was found, however, that activated carbon could replace carbon black and besides, significantly improve the activity of the electrode catalyst layer for oxygen reduction. In the present study, to optimize the pore structure of activated carbon for further activity improvement, the influence of the pore structure on the activity was investigated using activated carbon of various specific surface areas and mean pore diameters. A catalyst layer was formed from activated carbon loaded with platinum and a polymer electrolyte. The activity of the layer was measured in an oxygen-saturated perchloric acid solution, supporting the layer on a rotating glassy carbon disk electrode. We found that increases in the specific surface area and mean pore diameter increased the activity and that the latter was more effective than the former mainly due to the enhanced mass-transfer in the pores; the catalyst layer formed from activated carbon with the largest mean pore diameter was the most active. Unless pores excessively develop and lose connections between particles, a large pore diameter is therefore desired for the fuel cell electrodes. 相似文献
44.
Tetsuto Kanzaki Yo Ishikawa Nobuhiro Morisaki Kohji Shirai Yasushi Saito Sho Yoshida 《Lipids》1987,22(10):704-710
Studies were done on changes in phospholipid content and fatty acid composition of phospholipids and on the role of the acylation
pathway in synthesis of phospholipids in the development of abnormal fatty acid composition in the glomeruli of rats 2 and
10 mo after induction of diabetes with streptozotocin. The proportions of individual phospholipids in the glomeruli of rats
were not changed 2 mo after induction of diabetes, but the proportion of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) decreased and that
of sphingomyelin increased 10 mo after induction of diabetes. In contrast, in liver the proportion of PE was increased and
that of phosphatidylcholine was decreased. These results showed that changes of individual phospholipids in glomeruli were
time-dependent and tissue-specific. Two mo after induction of diabetes, the main change in the phospholipid fatty acid composition
of diabetic glomeruli was a decrease in arachidonic acid (AA); the main change in serum free fatty acids (FFA) was an increase
in linoleic acid (LA) and a decrease in AA. Ten mo after induction of diabetes, the main changes in the phospholipid fatty
acid composition of glomeruli were an increase in LA and a decrease in AA; the main change of the serum FFA composition was
a decrease in AA. Thus, the fatty acid composition of glomerular phospholipids was not directly correlated to that of the
serum in diabetic rats. Acyl-CoA synthetase and acyltransferase activities increased in diabetic glomeruli with either AA
or LA as substrate, but activity toward LA increased more at 2 mo after induction of diabetes. Acyl-CoA synthetase activity
increased in diabetic glomeruli with LA as substrate, but that did not change with AA as substrate at 10 mo after induction
of diabetes. Furthermore, acyltransferase activity decreased in diabetic glomeruli with AA as substrate, although that did
not change with LA as substrate at 10 mo after induction of diabetes. 相似文献
45.
Kazuhiko Kandori Naoto Horigami Akemi Yasukawa Tatsuo Ishikawa 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1997,80(5):1157-1164
The texture of fibrous calcium hydroxyapatite (Ca10 -(PO4 )6 (OH)2 , CaHAP) particles that were prepared by the decomposition of calcium–ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (calcium–EDTA) chelates at 100°C under various pH conditions (pH values of 5–10) was investigated by various means. Well-crystallized fibrous CaHAPs were produced at pH .6. The stoichiometry of the CaHAPs with a chemical formula of Ca10− x (HPO4 ) x (PO4 )6− x (OH)2− x (H2 O) x was improved by increasing the decomposition pH. All the CaHAPs had unit-cell dimensions of a = 0.9436 ± 0.0003 nm and c = 0.6881 ± 0.0006 nm, exhibiting an enlarged a value. The finding of mesoporosity of CaHAPs by nitrogen gas (N2 ) adsorption measurement indicated that the CaHAPs were produced by an agglomeration of primary particles. Furthermore, the nonstoichiometric CaHAPs that formed at pH 6 developed ultramicropores, which were accessible to water (H2 O) molecules but not to N2 molecules, by the elimination of H2 O molecules that were adsorbed in interstices of primary particles in less-orderly crystallized CaHAPs and/or by dehydration of HPO4 2− groups. These findings by gas adsorption techniques could give evidence for the agglomeration mechanism to attain a polycrystalline CaHAP, although they exhibited good crystallinity with large size. 相似文献
46.
Toshiaki Enoki Yousuke Kobayashi Chika Katsuyama Vladimir Yu. Osipov Marina V. Baidakova Kazuyuki Takai Ken-ichi Fukui Alexander Ya. Vul'' 《Diamond and Related Materials》2007,16(12):2029-2034
The structure, electronic and magnetic properties of nanodiamond and nanographite/nanographene are investigated. Detonation nanodiamond particles that are covered with amorphous graphitic composites are hydrothermally treated to remove the graphitic surface composites and to terminate the surface carbon atoms with hydrogen. The number of localized spins of dangling bonds and the hydrogen concentration increase upon the increase in the hydrothermal treatment time up to 40 h. Above 40 h, both drop discontinuously, a surface structural reconstruction was suggested. The creation of dangling bonds and an incomplete hydrogenation of the surface carbon atoms destabilize the surface, resulting in the structural reconstruction. Nanodiamond particles are thermally converted to nanographite/nanographene. A single nanographene sheet is successfully prepared by heat-treating nanodiamond particles. The edge of graphene sheet with its edge carbon atoms being hydrogen-terminated is investigated by UHV-STM/STS. Zigzag edges are found to have non-bonding π-state of edge origin, in good agreement with theoretical prediction. 相似文献
47.
Tatsuya Kodama Ken-ichi Tominaga Masahiro Tabata Takashi Yoshida Yutaka Tamaura 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1992,75(5):1287-1289
Active wustite (FeδO, with a δ value of 0.98) was prepared by keeping normal wustite (δ value of 0.94) in a N2 atmosphere at 300°C for 10 min. This reaction is given by (4δ2 –3)Feδ1 O→(4δ1 –3)Feδ2 O + (δ2 –δ1 )Fe3 O4 where δ1 = 0.94 and δ2 = 0.98. The equation indicates that the normal wustite undergoes eutectoid decomposition into active wustite and stoichiometric magnetite (Fe3 O4 ). Carbon dioxide (1.013 × 105 Pa) was almost completely (100%) decomposed into carbon (zero valence) by the active wustite at the low temperature of 300°C, which was associated with the transformation of the active wustite into the stoichiometric magnetite. The internal pressure of the reaction cell eventually became a vacuum. 相似文献
48.
Summary Plasma-polymerized membranes for gas separation were prepared from 1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne. The permeation data of He, H2 02, N2, CO2, and CH4 through the membranes showed plasma-polymerized 1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne had high permselectivity but low permeability compared with poly[l-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne]. This behavior is considered to be due to the crosslinking structure of the plasma-polymerized membrane. The correlation between plasma polymerization conditions and the membrane performance was studied. The optimum condition at which the deposition rate of the plasma polymer is maximized agreed with the optimum value to yield maximum separation factor of gases through the membrane. 相似文献
49.
Katsutoshi Nagaoka Kulathuiyer Seshan Kazuhiro Takanabe Ken-ichi Aika 《Catalysis Letters》2005,99(1-2):97-100
CH4/CO2 reforming over Pt/ZrO2, Pt/CeO2 and Pt/ZrO2 with CeO2 was investigated at 2 MPa. Pt/ZrO2, which shows stable activity under 0.1 MPa, and Pt/CeO2 showed gradual deactivation with time at the high pressure. The deactivation was suppressed drastically on Pt/ZrO2 with CeO2 prepared by different impregnation order (co-impregnation of Pt and CeO2 on ZrO2, and consecutive impregnation of Pt and CeO2 on ZrO2). The amount of coke deposition was found insignificant and similar among all the catalysts (including Pt/ZrO2 and Pt/CeO2). Catalytic activity after the reaction for 24 h was in agreement with Pt particle size after the reaction for same period, indicating that the difference of the catalytic stability is mainly dependent on the extent of Pt aggregation through catalyst preparation, H2 reduction, and the CH4/CO2 reforming. Pt aggregation and the amount of coke deposition were least pronounced on (Pt–Ce)/ZrO2 prepared by impregnation of CeO2 on Pt/ZrO2 and the catalyst showed highest stability. 相似文献
50.
A novel side-chain-sulfonated aromatic diamine of bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)-2-(3-sulfobenzoyl)]phenyl sulfone (BAPSBPS) was synthesized. Sulfonated copolyimides were synthesized by random and sequenced block copolymerization of 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxylic dianhydride, BAPSBPS and nonsulfonated diamine. They displayed good solubility in common aprotic solvents and high desulfonation temperature of 350 °C, suggesting the high stability of sulfonic acid groups. The reduced viscosity was in the range of 0.4-1.8 dl/g at 0.5 g/dl and 35 °C. Flexible and tough membranes with reasonably high mechanical strength were prepared. They showed anisotropic membrane swelling with larger swelling in thickness than in plane. They displayed reasonably high proton conductivity (σ), taking their lower ion exchanging capacity (IEC) into account. For example, the membrane with IEC of 1.54 mequiv/g showed σ values of 81 and 11 mS/cm in water and 70% RH, respectively, at 60 °C. 相似文献