用于水质净化的氧化石墨烯膜研究进展

氧化石墨烯膜具有超高的水通量、可控的层间距以及卓越的分离性能,这些优异的特性使氧化石墨烯膜有望成为新一代膜材料并用于水环境中物质的精确分离。对氧化石墨烯膜的研究已经取得了许多重要的成果,本文系统地阐述了用于水质净化的氧化石墨烯膜的结构特性和构效关系,总结了氧化石墨烯膜典型的制备方法,重点介绍了氧化石墨烯膜的改性方式,概述了氧化石墨烯膜在多种水环境中的应用,总结并展望了氧化石墨烯膜的发展方向,为设计和合成高性能氧化石墨烯膜用于水质净化提供新的思路。     

基于非线性动力学的锂沉积形貌模拟与预测

金属锂具有极高的理论能量密度,是新一代锂电池中最有潜力的负极材料之一。金属锂沉积时容易形成枝晶,极大影响了锂金属电池的安全性与使用寿命。但由于金属锂性质活泼,缺乏锂电极/电解液界面原位表征方法,锂枝晶生长机制尚不明确。通过有限元方法,基于非线性电极过程动力学,以三次电流模型定量研究了电极/电解液界面行为,并分析不同过程参数对表面电流的影响。结果表明,电极/电解质界面的浓度、电场差异是枝晶生长的主要原因,更大的扩散系数有利于提高界面浓度均匀性,更小的交换电流密度有利于减弱界面反应的敏感性。存在电化学极化区间是均匀沉积的必要条件,电化学极化区间越宽,均匀沉积操作窗口越宽。通过极化曲线可以判断体系是否具有均匀沉积的倾向。加深了对锂电极/电解液界面的电沉积过程的理解,对锂负极保护研究具有指导性意义。     

NiMn2O4尖晶石氧化物阴极的制备及电化学性能研究

高性能阴极材料的开发对推动中温固体氧化物燃料电池（intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells, IT-SOFCs）的发展具有重要意义。本文采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了尖晶石型NiMn₂O₄（NMO）电子-离子混合导体材料,并作为IT-SOFCs阴极进行了系统的研究,通过X射线衍射表征确定NMO材料呈稳定的立方相结构,并采用电导弛豫方法对其氧离子传导能力进行了研究。发现NMO具有优秀的氧离子传导能力,为其电化学性能提供了保障。对称电池的电化学阻抗谱测试结果表明,800℃时NMO阴极材料的界面电阻值为0.27 Ω·cm^-2,同时作为阳极支撑型SOFC的阴极材料进行放电时的最大功率密度可以达到864.9 mW·cm^-2。上述结果表明,NiMn₂O₄是一种极具潜力的IT-SOFCs阴极材料。     

Understanding the Flash Sintering of Rare‐Earth‐Doped Ceria for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

A novel electrical current applied technique known as flash sintering has been applied to rapidly (within 10 min) densify electrolytes including Ce_0.8Gd_0.2O_1.9 (GDC20), Ce_0.9Gd_0.1O_1.95 (GDC10), and Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_1.9 (SDC20) for application in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). The densification temperature for the three electrolytes was 554°C, 635°C, and 667°C, respectively, which is far below conventional sintering temperatures. All specimens after flash sintering maintained the pure fluorite structure and exhibited a well‐densified microstructure. To investigate the flash‐sintering mechanism, we have applied Joule heating effect with blackbody radiation theory, and found that this theory could reasonably interpret the flash‐sintering phenomenon by matching theoretically calculated temperature with the real temperature. More importantly, one of the materials inherent properties, the electronic conductivity, has been found correlated with the onset of flash sintering, which indicates that the electrons and holes are the primary current carriers during the start of flash‐sintering process. As a result, potential densification mechanisms have been discussed in terms of spark plasma discharge.     

低温燃烧法制备中温SOFC电池负极 NiO/Ce0.7La0.3O1.85复相粉体

以La(NO3)3、Ce(NO3)3、Ni(NO3)2和有机燃料为原料,采用低温燃烧法制备NiO/Ce0.7La0.3O1.85复合粉体,讨论了燃烧合成过程中氧化物与有机燃料的比率及点火温度对反应产物性质的影响.结果表明随着比率的增大,粉体的结晶性和比表面积增大.当氧化物与燃料的比例为21时,可成功合成结晶充分的粉体,但点火温度对粉体的影响不大.通过对粉体的SEM、TEM、表征,结果表明低温燃烧合成的NiO/Ce0.7La0.3O1.85粉体细小且分散均匀,比表面积达4.32m2·g-1,一次颗粒粒径为0.5μm～5μm.     

燃烧法制备SOFC用Ni/YSZ阳极材料

以Y(NO3)3、Zr(NO3)4、Ni(NO3)2和有机燃料为原料,采用低温燃烧法制备了NiO/YSZ复合粉料,然后于800℃在H2中还原制备了Ni/YSZ阳极材料.研究了燃烧合成过程中氧化物与有机燃料的配比对反应产物的影响.结果表明当氧化物与燃料的比例为23时,低温燃烧后可成功合成结晶充分的NiO/YSZ粉体.对合成粉体的SEM、TEM观察以及制备的Ni/YSZ阳极材料的SEM观察结果表明,低温燃烧合成的NiO/YSZ粉体细小且两相混合均匀,颗粒粒径为0.5 μm～1 μm.与机械混合法相比,采用燃烧法合成粉体,干压成型制备的Ni/YSZ阳极材料,不仅Ni在YSZ基质中分布更均匀,而且金属陶瓷中的两相均形成了连续的网络结构.     

Tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) studies of isobutane,n‐butane and propane sorption in β‐ and Y‐zeolites

A TEOM is used to elucidate the adsorption/desorption characteristics of alkylation reactants on USY‐ and β‐zeolites. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms were obtained on USY‐ and β‐zeolites using n‐butane, isobutane and propane as proxy reactant molecules (T = 303–398 K, adsorbate partial pressure 0–1.2 bar). Analysis of the transient adsorption/desorption profiles of these molecules from either a bed of the zeolite or pelletized particles of the crystals (with mean size < 1 μm) demonstrate that diffusion in the secondary meso‐/macroporous structure formed in the packing or the pellets controls the overall sorption rates. The experimental adsorption/desorption profiles from the pelletized zeolites were regressed with available mathematical models to obtain effective meso‐/macropore diffusivities for reactant molecules, and nearly perfect fits of the experimental and the modeled profiles. Taking into account the dead volume in the system, a criterion for reliable measurements of either micropore or mesopore diffusivities by the TEOM technique is derived. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010     

Biomarkers for Cancer Cachexia: A Mini Review

Cancer cachexia is a common condition in many cancer patients, particularly those with advanced disease. Cancer cachexia patients are generally less tolerant to chemotherapies and radiotherapies, largely limiting their treatment options. While the search for treatments of this condition are ongoing, standards for the efficacy of treatments have yet to be developed. Current diagnostic criteria for cancer cachexia are primarily based on loss of body mass and muscle function. However, these criteria are rather limiting, and in time, when weight loss is noticeable, it may be too late for treatment. Consequently, biomarkers for cancer cachexia would be valuable adjuncts to current diagnostic criteria, and for assessing potential treatments. Using high throughput methods such as “omics approaches”, a plethora of potential biomarkers have been identified. This article reviews and summarizes current studies of biomarkers for cancer cachexia.     

闪烧技术在固体氧化物燃料电池关键材料制备中的应用

闪烧技术是一种新兴的陶瓷烧结技术,因具有烧结温度低、功耗低、时间短等显著特点而受到世界范围内的广泛关注。自2010年闪烧现象被报道以来,研究人员在闪烧实验装置的搭建、不同陶瓷材料的闪烧现象、过程参数的控制及优化等方面开展了大量工作,闪烧技术得到了飞速的发展。对闪烧技术的过程参数及影响规律进行归纳和总结,重点对近年来闪烧技术在固体氧化物燃料电池领域的应用进展进行了详细介绍。