Preliminary Study on Chicken Feather Protein–Based Wood Adhesives

Abstract

The objective of this preliminary study was to partially replace phenol in the synthesis of phenol-formaldehyde resin with feather protein. Feather protein–based resins, which contained one part feather protein and two parts phenol, were formulated under the conditions of two feather protein hydrolysis methods (with and without presence of phenol during hydrolysis), two formaldehyde/phenol molar ratios (1.8 and 2.0), and three pH levels (9.5, 10.5, and 11.5). Southern pine fiberboard bonded with feather protein–based resins was fabricated and bending strength, bending stiffness, internal bonding strength, and percent thickness swell were evaluated. Results indicated that the test parameters all significantly affected resin quality. The resin formulated with feather protein hydrolyzed in the presence of phenol, using a F/P ratio of 2.0, and at a pH of 10.5 performed as well as the neat PF resin. Based on our findings, feather protein is a potential cost-effective material for the production of PF-type adhesive resins.     

水冷壁管在CPT和NaOH水工况下的腐蚀特征

本文使用电化学工作站、XRD、SEM和EDS等方法,研究水冷壁管在CPT和CT处理下高温腐蚀特性,分析其形成机理,为电站化学工作者在选择水工况和金属防护方面提供一定的参考。结果表明:CPT条件下金属内壁表层呈现了较深的腐蚀坑(腐蚀深度达到了200μm)和凹凸不平的特征,有明显的冲刷痕迹,不均匀的氧化物颗粒镶嵌在金属表层处;CT形成的氧化物具有明显的8面体晶体结构,腐蚀深度在10μm左右,氧化物颗粒较大,不紧凑,中间存在多而大的孔隙,容易引起缝隙腐蚀,颗粒物的脱落也会对水质起到破坏作用。     

Thermodynamic Interactions of Si and Ti in Liquid Cu

The activity coefficients of titanium in liquid Cu-Ti at 1623 and 1673 K were measured by equilibrating the liquids with Ti₃O₅ in a oxygen partial pressure controlled by C(s)/CO(g) equilibrium. Furthermore, the thermodynamic interaction parameter of silicon on titanium and the self-interaction parameter of titanium in liquid Cu-Ti-Si at 1773 K were determined by equilibrating the 58 mass% TiO₂-42 mass% CaF₂ slag with Cu-Si-Ti liquids. And the interaction parameters e_\textTi^\textTi e_{\text{Ti}}^{\text{Ti}} and e_\textTi^\textSi e_{\text{Ti}}^{\text{Si}} obtained using a multiple regression were as large as −69.32 and 15.44 respectively. Based on the above determined value of e_\textTi^\textTi e_{\text{Ti}}^{\text{Ti}} , the relationship between Henrian constant of titanium in liquid Cu-Ti melt, \upgamma_{\textTi(\texts)}⁰ \upgamma_{{{\text{Ti}}({\text{s}})}}^{0} , from 1473 to 1923 K was evaluated, and is expressed as:

Synthesis of silver particles below 10 nm using spinning disk reactor

Silver nanoparticles were synthesized via a reduction reaction carried out in a spinning disk reactor, to which an AgNO₃ solution containing a protecting agent and an alkaline solution containing a reducing agent were added simultaneously and then recycled for a certain period. Besides starch, which has been used for producing silver particles above 10 nm, two more protecting agents, i.e. polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), were tested in order to prepare silver particles below 10 nm. Then, the effects of other operating variables, such as rotation speed of disk, flow rates of reactant streams, concentration of reducing agent, and type and concentration of alkali, were investigated, aiming at a high production rate of silver nanoparticles with a size below 10 nm. The produced silver particles were recovered using a centrifuge, and the size did not change after redispersion. The sintering temperature of the 10 nm silver particles was greatly reduced.     

Fuzzy control of a heat-bending system

This paper discusses the problems associated with detecting displacement phenomena during a NC-controlled heat-bending process. To ensure accurate heat-bending results, it is necessary to control the displacement of a point located at the edge of the plate undergoing heat bending. This is achieved by varying the operating parameters of the numerical control heat-bending (NCHB) machine, e.g. the ratio of Q/V where Q represents the heat input intensity and V the speed of the servomotor driving the heat source (an oxy-acetylene torch in this particular study). It is not easy to accurately predict the plate shape after heating along multiple heating lines. Furthermore, it is difficult to describe the state equation for the dynamic behavior of the displacement since the heat-bending phenomena are described by partial differential equations representing elasto-plastic behavior. In order to predict and control the plate shape after heat bending, this paper proposes a method which combines the inverse method and fuzzy control. Using this method, it is possible to estimate the displacement and, therefore, the plate shape, based upon the values of Q and V, and the position of the heating lines.The quality of the fuzzy inference process depends upon the fuzzy variables chosen. In this paper, a fuzzy rule table is used to control the speed of the NCHB servomotor. The table is based upon fuzzy logic and is used to fine-tune the value of Q/V. The effectiveness of the fuzzy controller is verified by carrying out heat-bending experiments.     

A study of the corrosion behavior of doubly-coated iron powder after compaction

Iron powder was coated with phosphate and polysiloxanes for anti-corrosion and insulation. Whether these coating layers sustain the hydraulic pressure of compaction was investigated. Electrochemical measurements were applied on the compacts comprising surface-coated iron powders to understand the performance of the coating layers undergone a series of compaction pressure. As phosphate coating was applied, the corrosion resistance was obviously enhanced; nevertheless, as the compaction pressure exceeded a threshold, the corrosion resistance dropped greatly due to the formation of cracks in the phosphate layer, suggesting the phosphate layer was brittle and could not bear high pressure. As a phosphate layer and a polymeric coating layer of amino polysiloxane were in turn applied, the corrosion resistance of the doubly-coated iron powder in the salt bath declined since the ammonium group absorbed chloride ions and deteriorated the anti-corrosion ability. After salt-fog treatment, the compacts with the grafted silane tended to form the rust layer with akaganeite phase while these without grafted silane did not, attesting that the polysiloxane did attract chloride ions. Interestingly, with the existence of polysiloxane, the cracking of the phosphate layer was effectively avoided. The polysiloxane layer could protect the underneath phosphate layer from cracking. Moreover, with the increase of compaction pressure, the corrosion resistance of the doubly-coated iron powder gradually increased due to the densification of the polysiloxane layer, which consequently hindered the chloride ions from diffusion into the surface of the iron particle.     

Function and performance of silicone copolymers(II): Syntheses and interfacial behavior of siliconized acrylic copolymers

Polysiloxane‐containing copolymers were synthesized and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and elemental analysis. These copolymers were neutralized by triethylamine. The copolymers could be self‐emulsified to form emulsions in water with and without cosolvent PCS and exhibited excellent defoaming abilities. These copolymers were also used as emulsifiers to emulsify silicone oil in water to form stable oil‐in‐water emulsions. This emulsion again exhibited defoaming properties, more efficiently than that of the self‐emulsified emulsion of siliconized acrylic copolymer (SAA). © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 71: 805–811, 1999     

2-Step self-assembly method to fabricate broadband omnidirectional antireflection coating in large scale

We have developed a simple and reproducible 2-step self-assembly method for the fabrication of broadband, omnidirectional antireflection coating on glass substrate with 4 in. size. The glass surface has been modified to be positively charged, then the negatively charged nano silica is self-assembled to the glass substrate by electrostatic attraction. The nanostructure on the glass substrate reduces the reflection significantly, which results in enhanced transmittance. Transmittance as high as 97.7% at 499 nm has been obtained for a double-side coated glass substrate. Obvious reduction in weighted reflectance is still observed up to 60° incident angle.     

电厂锅炉最佳氧量的研究

由于能源价格的高涨且供应紧张,国内大部分电厂锅炉的实际燃烧煤种并不是设计煤种,原来设计的燃烧控制系统对实际煤种的适应普遍不佳,造成机组的供电煤耗上升。广东某电厂的660 MW机组在2010年实行最佳氧量自适应系统后,锅炉热效率从93.5%～94.0%上升到93.9%～94.5%,热效率提高0.4%～0.5%,相应降低供电煤耗约1.13 g/kWh。由于送风机、引风机电耗的降低,厂用电率下降约0.09%～0.25%,相应降低供电煤耗约0.5 g/kWh。