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991.
A review of the development of the gel pond technology is presented. First, the emergence and growth of solar pond technology since the 1950's is described. The inherent problems encountered with the conventional salt gradient ponds are discussed, leading to the concept of the solar gel pond in which the salt gradient layer in the former is replaced by a transparent polymer gel. The major work in the first phase dealt with the experimental development of a polymer gel which met certain selection criteria. The criteria considered included transmissivity, stability of physical and chemical properties, high viscosity and other physical and optical properties. The gradual development of the polymer gel through an alternating process of testing and elimination and evaluation of relevant properties of the gel has been described. Modeling and optimization studies of the solar gel pond have been presented. Bansal and Kaushik's model for a salt gradient pond has been modified for a solar gel pond, and the results of the simulation are presented in a graphical form to serve as a quick reference for estimation of pond surface area, depth and flow rate for heat extraction depending on the extreme temperature required in the storage zone and the required heat load. Then, a cost-benefit economic analysis compares the economics of a solar gel pond with a conventional salt gradient pond. The construction of an experimental gel pond (18 m2) at The University of New Mexico is described, and the results of the study are summarized. Information on commercial scale ponds at Chamberino, New Mexico (110 m2), and in Albuquerque, New Mexico (400 m2), is provided. The review of the technology demonstrates the immense potential of the gel pond as a source of alternate energy for the years ahead. 相似文献
992.
Use of climate scenarios to aid in decision analysis for interannual water supply planning 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This work addresses the issue of climate change in the context of water resource planning on the time scale of a few years.
Planning on this time scale generally ignores the role of climate change. However, where the climate of a region has already
shifted, the use of historical data for planning purposes may be misleading. In order to test this, a case study is conducted
for a region, the Australian Capital Territory, where long term drought is raising concerns of a possible climate shift. The
issue is cast in terms of a particular planning decision; the option to augment water supply in the next few years to hedge
against the drought persisting. A set of climate scenarios are constructed for the region corresponding to the historical
climate regime and to regimes where progressively greater levels of change are assumed to have already taken place (5%, 10%,
20% reductions in mean rainfall). Probabilities of the drought persisting are calculated for each of the scenarios. The results
show substantial increases in the probability of the drought persisting for even moderate reductions in mean rainfall. The
sensitivity of the decision to augment supply to the scenario results depends ultimately on the planners tolerable thresholds
for the probability of the drought persisting. The use of different scenarios enables planners to explore the sensitivity
of the decision in terms of their risk tolerance to ongoing drought and to their degree of belief in each of the scenarios
tested. 相似文献
993.
Ram Devanathan William J. Weber 《JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society》2007,59(4):32-35
The safe immobilization of nuclear waste in geological repositories is one of the major scientific challenges facing humanity
today. Crystalline ceramics hold the promise of locking up actinides from nuclear fuel and excess weapons plutonium in their
structure thereby isolating them from the environment. This paper presents the atomistic details of radiation damage in a
model ceramic, zircon. 相似文献
994.
A genetic algorithm for the optimisation of assembly sequences 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
This paper describes a Genetic Algorithm (GA) designed to optimise the Assembly Sequence Planning Problem (ASPP), an extremely diverse, large scale and highly constrained combinatorial problem. The modelling of the ASPP problem, which has to be able to encode any industrial-size product with realistic constraints, and the GA have been designed to accommodate any type of assembly plan and component. A number of specific modelling issues necessary for understanding the manner in which the algorithm works and how it relates to real-life problems, are succinctly presented, as they have to be taken into account/adapted/solved prior to Solving and Optimising (S/O) the problem. The GA has a classical structure but modified genetic operators, to avoid the combinatorial explosion. It works only with feasible assembly sequences and has the ability to search the entire solution space of full-scale, unabridged problems of industrial size. A case study illustrates the application of the proposed GA for a 25-components product. 相似文献
995.
Enhancement of hydrocyclone performance by controlling the inside turbulence structure 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A new hydrocyclone was designed with a winged core fixed below the vortex finder in this study. With the winged core, the turbulence structure characteristics inside the hydrocyclone, including time-averaged pressure, pressure fluctuation, relative pressure fluctuation characteristics, and distribution characteristics of the probability density of the turbulence pressure, were all positively controlled. By controlling the turbulence structure, the performance of the new hydrocyclone was improved effectively. Compared with the common hydrocyclone, the new hydrocyclone was featured with lower energy loss coefficient, higher reduced separation efficiency, higher separation sharpness and larger capacity. 相似文献
996.
Chankil Lee Youngsik Jeon Kwangil Yeon 《Electronics letters》1998,34(1):37-39
The final closed-form expression for bit error probability (BEP) is presented for a DS-CDMA system using a maximal ratio combining (MRC) diversity over a Rician fading channel. The accuracy of the BEP estimate evaluated by this expression is verified by comparison with a semi-analytic simulation result. The effect that diversity order has on the BEP is also considered for typical multipath delay profiles with different Rician ratios 相似文献
997.
Duan-Shin Lee Benjamin Melamed Amy R. Reibman Bhaskar Sengupta 《Performance Evaluation》1992,16(1-3):21-34
The transport of video images is likely to be a major application of high-speed networks of the future. These applications are capable of utilizing the high bandwidths that will become available with the advent of B-ISDN. In this paper, we propose a new methodology (called TES) for modeling the frame bitrate stream generated by compressed video sources. The main characteristic of this method is that it can model an arbitrary marginal distribution and approximate the autocorrelation structure of the random bitrate process generated by compressed frames. We present a modeling example utilizing this method, based on data from a video coding algorithm employing a layering technique. Using the source model, we develop a simulation model of a multiplexer of video sources. We show that this model can be used to address a number of design issues that arise in this class of problem. In particular, we show that for a layered video coding algorithm, it is possible to have a gain in the number of sources multiplexed at the cost of some loss of low priority packets. 相似文献
998.
Jang-Sik Lee Seung-Ki Joo 《Electron Device Letters, IEEE》2002,23(9):517-519
The electrical properties of thin-film ferroelectric capacitors are known to degrade severely when exposed to hydrogen. In this study, we directly measured the effects of the grain boundary on the hydrogen-induced degradation in ferroelectric Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 (PZT) thin films by the location of the top Pt electrode either inside the grains or at the grain boundary. A strong relationship between the grain boundary and the electrical properties of ferroelectric capacitors as a result of hydrogen annealing was found. The degradation of the electrical properties in thin-film ferroelectric capacitors after hydrogen annealing is mainly due to the presence of the grain boundary in the ferroelectric thin film 相似文献
999.
P. Bala Srinivasan C. V. Krishnakumar N. Krishnaraj 《Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance》2002,11(5):509-515
Salt bath nitrocarburizing is a well-known thermochemical diffusion process for enhancing the tribological and corrosion properties
of ferrous components. The current work describes the role of a compound layer developed during nitrocarburizing, both in
the ferritic and austenitic regimes of Fe-N-C system, on the sliding wear behavior of a medium carbon steel. The wear behavior
of the nitrocarburized steel discs was assessed by the pin-on-disc tests (ASTM G 99-99) under different normal loads running
against a hardened SAE52100 pin. It was observed that the compound layer on the surface not only controlled the wear rate
but also resisted the adhesive wear/transfer of material from pin to disc, aside from providing low-friction coefficients. 相似文献
1000.
Language-level support for object persistence frees programmers from having to confront a broad class of database issues from within their applications. By virtue of its metaobject protocol, CLOS is a language whose semantics can be tailored by individual programmers. We used the metaobject protocol to extend CLOS with support for object persistence. Our goal was to obtain a version of CLOS with persistence to which we could easily port a commercial geometric CAD modeling system. We describe the design and implementation of our persistence extension and highlight the strengths and weaknesses exhibited by the CLOS metaobject protocol during our experiment. For many aspects of the implementation we found that the metaobject protocol was ideal. In other cases we had to choose among paying a large performance penalty, extending the protocol, and bypassing the protocol by modifying the language implementation directly. 相似文献