Probing into Reverse Bias Dark Current in Perovskite Photodiodes: Critical Role of Surface Defects

Minimizing reverse bias dark current density (J_dark) while retaining high external quantum efficiency is crucial for promising applications of perovskite photodiodes, and it remains challenging to elucidate the ultimate origin of J_dark. It is demonstrated in this study that the surface defects induced by iodine vacancies are the main cause of J_dark in perovskite photodiodes. In a targeted way, the surface defects are thoroughly passivated through a simple treatment with butylamine hydroiodide to form ultrathin 2D perovskite on its 3D bulk. In the passivated perovskite photodiodes, J_dark as low as 3.78 × 10^-10 A cm^-2 at -0.1 V is achieved, and the photoresponse is also enhanced, especially at low light intensities. A combination of the two improvements realizes high specific detectivity up to 1.46 × 10¹² Jones in the devices. It is clarified that the trap states induced by the surface defects can not only raise the generation-recombination current density associated with the Shockley–Read–Hall mechanisms in the dark (increasing J_dark), but also provide additional carrier recombination paths under light illumination (decreasing photocurrent). The critical role of surface defects on J_dark of perovskite photodiodes suggests that making trap-free perovskite thin films, for example, by fine preparation and/or surface engineering, is a top priority for high-performance perovskite photodiodes.     

蓝宝石衬底上原子级光滑AlN外延层的MOCVD生长

在蓝宝石衬底表面无氮化、低Ⅴ/Ⅲ比的情况下,采用1200℃的衬底温度、5kPa反应室气压,用MOCVD方法在蓝宝石衬底上生长出了表面原子级光滑的AlN外延层.原子力显微镜测试表明其平均粗糙度为0.44nm,X射线衍射(0002)回摆曲线FWHM为166".实验结果和分析表明,极性和气相反应是影响AlN表面形貌的主要原因.以原子级光滑的AlN为模板生长出了高质量的高Al组分的n型AlGaN,证实了AlN模板具有较好的质量.     

Adaptive fuzzy sliding mode active queue management algorithms

Active queue management (AQM) is aimed at achieving the tradeoff between link utilization and queuing delay to enhance TCP congestion control and is expected to perform well for a wider-range of network conditions. Static AQM schemes despite their simplicity, often suffer from long response time due to conservative parameter setting to ensure stability. Adaptive parameter settings, which might solve this problem, remain difficult from implementation point of view. In this paper, we propose an adaptive fuzzy sliding mode (AFSM) AQM algorithm to achieve fast response and yet good robustness. The AFSM algorithm uses the queue length and its differential as the input of AQM and adjusts fuzzy rules by the measurement of packet loss ratio dynamically. The stability analysis under heterogeneous round trip times provides guidelines for parameter settings in AFSM and guarantees that the stability of AFSM is independent of the active TCP flows. This merit as well as other performances is examined under various network environments. Compared to some typical AQMs, the AFSM algorithm trades off the throughput with queuing delay better and achieves a higher per-flow throughput. Finally, AFSM can be executed at a scale of seconds with the least fuzzy rules.     

3D FDTD Implementation for Scattering of Electric Anisotropic Dispersive Medium Using Recursive Convolution Method

The finite-difference time-domain method based on recursive convoltion method (RC-FDTD) for the electric anisotropic dispersive medium is discussed in detail. To exemplify the availability of the three-dimensional RC-FDTD algorithm, the backscattering Radar-Cross-Section(RCS) of a non-magnetized plasma sphere is computed, and the numerical results are the same as the one of the Shift Operater-FDTD method, and show that the RC-FDTD method is correct and efficient. In addition, the co-polarized and cross-polarized backscattering time-domain of a magnetized plasma sphere are obtained by the RC-FDTD algorithm. The results show that when the external magnetic field is implemented, the cross-polarized component appear, evidently.     

Self-Adhesive Polydimethylsiloxane Foam Materials Decorated with MXene/Cellulose Nanofiber Interconnected Network for Versatile Functionalities

Polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) foam as one of next-generation polymer foam materials shows poor surface adhesion and limited functionality, which greatly restricts its potential applications. Fabrication of advanced PDMS foam materials with multiple functionalities remains a critical challenge. In this study, unprecedented self-adhesive PDMS foam materials are reported with worm-like rough structure and reactive groups for fabricating multifunctional PDMS foam nanocomposites decorated with MXene/cellulose nanofiber (MXene/CNF) interconnected network by a facile silicone foaming and dip-coating strategy followed by silane surface modification. Interestingly, such self-adhesive PDMS foam produces strong interfacial adhesion with the hybrid MXene/CNF nano-coatings. Consequently, the optimized PDMS foam nanocomposites have excellent surface super-hydrophobicity (water contact angle of ≈159^o), tunable electrical conductivity (from 10⁻⁸ to 10 S m⁻¹), stable compressive cyclic reliability in both wide-temperature range (from −20 to 200 ^oC) and complex environments (acid, sodium, and alkali conditions), outstanding flame resistance (LOI value of >27% and low smoke production rate), good thermal insulating performance and reliable strain sensing in various stress modes and complex environmental conditions. It provides a new route for the rational design and development of advanced PDMS foam nanocomposites with versatile multifunctionalities for various promising applications such as intelligent healthcare monitoring and fire-safe thermal insulation.     

Enhanced storage/operation stability of small molecule organic photovoltaics using graphene oxide interfacial layer

Graphene and graphene oxide (GO) have been applied in flexible organic electronic devices with enhanced efficiency of polymeric photovoltaic (OPV) devices. In this work, we demonstrate that storage/operation stability of OPV can be substantially enhanced by spin-coating a GO buffer layer on ITO without any further treatment. With a 2 nm GO buffer layer, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of a standard copper phthalocyanine (CuPc)/fullerene (C₆₀) based OPV device shows about 30% enhancement from 1.5% to 1.9%. More importantly, while the PCE of the standard device drop to 1/1000 of its original value after 60-days of operation-storage cycles; those of GO-buffered device maintained 84% of initial PCE even after 132-days. Atomic force microscopy studies show that CuPc forms larger crystallites on the GO-buffered ITO substrate leading to better optical absorption and thus photon utilization. Stability enhancement is attributed to the diffusion barrier of the GO layer which slow down diffusion of oxygen species from ITO to the active layers.     

Switching on Fluorescent Emission by Molecular Recognition and Aggregation Dissociation

A generic and effective approach to “switch on” and enhance the two‐photon fluorescence (TPF) emission of quenched TPF molecules, i.e., fluorene derivatives, is reported in terms of molecular recognition with a decoupling medium. Such a medium, in this case Bombyx mori silk, can recognize TPF molecules and inhibit the aggregation of the TPF molecules. The designed TPF molecules are 2,7‐bis[2‐(4‐nitrophenyl)ethenyl]‐9,9‐dibutylfluorene ( 4NF ) and 2,7‐bis[2‐(4‐nitrophenyl)ethenyl]‐9,9‐dioctylfluorene ( 8NF ), which exhibit suppressed TPF emission owing to molecular‐stacking‐led aggregation in the solid form. Due to the specific recognition between –NO₂ in the quenched fluorescent molecules and –NH groups in silk fibroin molecules, the aggregated molecules of 4NF / 8NF molecules are decoupled. This decoupling gives rise to a significant increase in TPF quantum yields. The mechanism is further confirmed by replacing the terminal group –NO₂ in 8NF with –CH₃ (in 2,7‐bis[2‐(4‐methylphenyl)ethenyl]‐9,9‐dioctylfluorene; 8MF ) to eliminate the possibility of molecular recognition. As predicted, in the case of 8MF the switching‐on effect is eliminated. Completely new TPF silk fibers can additionally be applied in real‐time 3D high‐resolution TPF scaffold bioimaging.     

表层掺杂板条状激光模块仿真研究分析

介绍了一种表层增益板条状激光器模块。提出一种结合光线追迹、有限元、数值分析的仿真方法,建立表层增益激光增益模块的模型。在求解抽运光在该结构内部的分布情况以及其温度场的分布情况时,发现与传统体掺杂的CCEPS结构相比,表层增益激光模块有较高的散热能力以及较低的光学畸变。     

Secrecy Outage Performance Analysis of DF Cognitive Relay Network With Co-channel Interference

Wireless Personal Communications - In this paper, we investigate the secrecy outage performance of the decode-and-forward cognitive relay network with the existence of the co-channel interference,...     

140 GHz, TE22,6模式回旋振荡管高频谐振腔

通过数值计算方法,编程模拟了140 GHz, TE22,6模式回旋振荡管开放式缓变截面谐振腔的传播特性,计算出谐振腔的谐振频率和品质因数;利用CST软件对该高频谐振腔进行仿真计算,得到腔体内横截面的电场分布云图。通过实验和仿真软件得到的数据进行比较,两者有较好的一致性。测试结果表明,当磁场为5.48 T,电子注电流为28 A,电子注电压为68.6 kV时,TE22,6模式的平均输出功率为0.25 kW,峰值功率为0.56 MW。当磁场为5.68 T,电子注电流为27.6 A,电子注电压为69.12 kV时,回旋振荡管可同样工作于TE22,6,2模式,平均输出功率为0.21 kW,峰值功率为0.47 MW。