Young Adults' Stereotypes of Older Adults With Their Grandparents as the Targets

Young adults' stereotypes of older adults have been well established in the literature, but the target of these stereotypes usually is an unknown older individual. Intergenerational interaction, however, is more common between people who are known to each other. Specifically, the older individuals with whom young adults most frequently interact are their grandparents. This study examines the role that closeness plays in mediating young adults' ( n = 220) stereotypes of older adults. Consistently, young adults rate their closest grandparent more positively on exhibiting stereotypic behaviors and communicative ability than they do their least close grandparent. Although the grandparent's age does not influence the level of reported closeness, the level of closeness does influence perceptions of the older individual's behavior and abilities. Although closeness does mediate young adults' stereotypes of older adults, it does not preclude them from providing negative evaluations of some older individuals who are well-known to them.     

PMD pulse deformation

An approximate formula is proposed for a PMD-distorted signal on a singlemode fibre, including both first and second-order effects. In the case of a Gaussian pulse, the formula simply results in a chirp-dependent increase of the pulsewidth     

About coupled-mode theories for dielectric waveguides

A critical examination is made of recent works on coupled-mode theory for dielectric waveguides with strongly overlapping fields. It is shown that there is no best formulation. In each case, explicit or implicit approximations lead to errors that are difficult to estimate. An investigation is made of the accuracy of coupled-mode formulas, in the case of strong guidance, for TM waves along coupled slabs or for HE11 modes along circular rods. Contrary to a previous prediction, there is no breakdown of coupled-mode formulas when the guidance is increased. The coupled-mode equations are applied to the problem of nonparallel waveguides in optical directional couplers. Comparison between coupled-mode predictions and beam-propagation-method simulations shows that bending effects in converging and diverging sections affect the accuracy. An improved coupled-mode theory is proposed in order to take these effects into account     

Characterization of reactive versus tumor-bearing lymph nodes with interstitial magnetic resonance lymphography in an animal model

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To determine if magnetic resonance lymphography performed with subcutaneously administered AMI-227, a nanoparticulate iron oxide contrast agent, can distinguish reactive from tumor-bearing lymph nodes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mature male Copenhagen rats were inoculated with cell suspensions of R3327-MAT-LyLu rat prostate carcinoma (n = 21) or Freund's complete adjuvant (n = 15) in the left footpad to generate ipsilateral popliteal lymph node metastases or lymphadenitis. At 12 to 14 days after inoculation, T1-and T2-weighted magnetic resonance images of bilateral popliteal areas were obtained before and 24 hours after subcutaneous administration of AMI-227. Contrast-to-noise ratios were calculated in precontrast and postcontrast images. Bilateral popliteal nodes were excised for pathologic assessment. RESULTS: AMI-227 resulted in decreased contrast-to-noise ratios in reactive (T1-W = -7.01 +/- 1.13, T2- W = -31.64 +/- 5.35) and normal (T1 - W = -13.56 +/- 1.97, T2 - W = -21.62 +/- 2.51) nodes. Contrast-to-noise ratios were unchanged (T1 - W = -0.22 +/- 1.71, T2 - W = -2.20 +/- 4.19) in tumor-containing nodes. These differences in contrast-to-noise ratio changes between tumor-bearing versus nontumor-bearing nodes were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Histologic analysis showed similar distribution of AMI-227 within normal and reactive nodes, but not in tumor-bearing nodes. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in AMI-227-uptake between tumor- and nontumor-bearing nodes detected with magnetic resonance imaging are helpful for distinguishing the two entities.     

Deuterium as a tracer in coal liquefaction Part 2. Non-catalytic studies

A bituminous Australian coal (Liddell) was liquefied in the absence of catalyst using tetralin as vehicle, and molecular deuterium and hydrogen—deuterium gas mixtures. The structures of the liquid and gaseous products were investigated by mass spectroscopy, ¹H-and ²H-NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The proportion of ²H to ¹H in the liquid products was found to be higher at 425°C than at 400°C because deuterium preferentially enters more aromatic rings at the higher temperature.The distributions of deuterium in the deuteromethanes formed during liquefaction show that deuterium randomly enters the structural groups in the coal which produce methane before the methane is released to the gas phase. This illustrates the extreme mobility of hydrogen, including the hydrogen that originates from the coal. As a consequence, it is proposed that hydrogen released as methane arises from a pool in which memory of the original bonding is lost.     

Cross-polarization n.m.r. as a tool to investigate solvent-coal molecular interactions

The interaction of pyridine and aniline with an Australian bituminous coal (Liddell) has been studied by cross-polarization ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (CP ¹³C n.m.r.). The results show that sorbed aniline or pyridine molecules on coal are sufficiently immobilized to cross polarize. Carbon-proton static dipolar interactions, however, are weak which suggests that sorbed molecules can rotate rapidly about one or more of their axes of symmetry. It is also established that spin diffusion between coal and sorbed molecules is inefficient. Some loss of conformational rigidity of coal molecules is indicated when coal is soaked with pyridine.     

Infants' differential social responses to attractive and unattractive faces.

Two studies were conducted to examine infants' social responses to attractive and unattractive faces. In Study 1, 60 12-month-olds interacted with a stranger who wore a professionally constructed attractive or unattractive mask. The infants showed more positive affective tone, less withdrawal, and more play involvement with the stranger in the attractive condition. In Study 2, 43 12-month-olds played with an attractive and an unattractive doll. The infants played significantly longer with the attractive doll. These results extend and amplify earlier findings showing that young infants exhibit visual preferences for attractive over unattractive faces. Both visual and behavioral preferences for attractiveness are evidently exhibited much earlier in life than was previously supposed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Circular Fourier analysis of full Maxwell equations for arbitrarilyshaped dielectric waveguides-application to gain factors ofsemiconductor laser waveguides

A new method is proposed to derive the vectorial modes of dielectric waveguides made of an arbitrarily shaped core embedded in a homogeneous cladding. The method is based upon rigorous circular Fourier expansions for the field components and the permittivity profile. The method should be restricted to cores which are not elongated too much (in the case of rectangular cores, the ratio of sides should be between 1/4 and 4/1). The convergence properties and the accuracy are analyzed. Some results about the gain factors of optical semiconductor laser waveguides are presented for rectangular and trapezoidal cores     

Development of the Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Inventory for adults of Mexican origin.

The Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Inventory (MASI), a 36-item stress measure that was developed to assess acculturative stress among persons of Mexican origin living in the United States, was tested on a community sample of 174 adults (117 women, 57 men). Principal-components analyses yielded 4 stable and internally consistent factors: Spanish Competency Pressures (7 items), English Competency Pressures (7 items), Pressure to Acculturate (7 items), and Pressure Against Acculturation (4 items). These 4 factors accounted for 64.4% of the variance and correlated in the expected directions with criterion measures of acculturation and/or psychological adjustment. Further reliability and validity testing of the MASI is discussed as well as the utility of this measure in assessing acculturative stress among adults of Mexican origin. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)