Effects of yoghurt butter oils on rat plasma lipids,haematology and liver histology parameters in a 150‐day study

Although yoghurt butter oil as a fermented dairy product is widely consumed in several countries, its metabolic effects have not been fully elucidated. In this study, male Wistar rats were treated with standard diet, standard diet enriched with 10% or 20% (W/W) of either cow yoghurt butter oil (CYBO), sheep yoghurt butter oil (SYBO) or cottonseed oil (COT) for 20 weeks. Treatment of rats with CYBO or SYBO (at both concentrations) did not significantly influence haematological parameters, plasma lipids and liver histological structure. However, in contrast to popular belief, COT treatment at the higher dose induced leukocytosis, dyslipidaemia and liver steatosis.     

Ohmic‐assisted hydrodistillation of essential oils from Zataria multiflora Boiss (Shirazi thyme)

Ohmic‐assisted hydrodistillation (OAHD) is a combination of ohmic heating and distillation, and could be considered as a novel method for the extraction of essential oils. Major problems with traditional methods are long extraction time and lower purity of the extract. In this study, OAHD was applied as an economic and green technology for the extraction of essential oils from Zataria multiflora Boiss. (Shirazi thyme) aerial parts and the results were compared to those obtained from hydrodistillation (HD) as a conventional method. The results showed that OAHD method had the extraction time of 32.21 ± 2.59 min while this value was about 57.21 ± 2.33 min for hydrodistillation (HD). Scanning electron micrographs of thyme leaves showed a sudden eruption of essential oil glands and their surrounding area for OAHD samples. GC–MS analysis indicated that both methods of OAHD and HD can extract the same compounds.     

Effects of L-Cysteine on some characteristics of wheat starch

In this study the effects of L-Cysteine as a food additive on wheat starch characteristics before and after gelatinization were studied. L-Cysteine (63 mg/kg, starch basis) was added to slurry of wheat starch in water (30%, w/w). One set of samples was prepared by mixing it at 40 °C for 45 min. Another set was gelatinized at 100 °C for 45 min. The scanning electro-micrographs of the samples prepared at 40 °C in the presence of L-Cysteine showed some spots on the granules. However, thermal properties, X-ray patterns and the degree of crystallinity of the samples did not obviously change (P > 0.05); while a reduction in intrinsic viscosity, peak and final viscosities of the samples was observed. After gelatinization, intrinsic, peak and final viscosities of the samples were reduced. Some of these changes may indicate degradation of starch molecules in the presence of L-Cysteine, particularly after gelatinization.     

The effect of quinoa germ on the quality properties of fresh whey-less cheese made by ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract as a coagulant

The effect of ginger extract (GE), as a milk coagulant, was investigated on the physicochemical, proteolysis, textural profiles and sensory properties of whey-less cheese containing quinoa germ powder (QGP; 0, 3, 6 and 9%) during storage. The results showed that with increasing QGP, the dry matter, fat, soluble nitrogen at pH 4.6 and free tryptophan and tryptophan amino acids increased and protein content decreased. Consequently, it is suggested that using 6% quinoa germ in the production of whey-less cheese made by GE as a coagulant can give the most desired product with no adverse effects on the quality and sensory properties.     

Inverse emulsion polymerization of triple monomers of acrylamide,maleic anhydride,and styrene to achieve highly hydrophilic–hydrophobic modified polyacrylamide

The purpose of this study was the production of copolymers and terpolymers with highly hydrophilic–hydrophobic properties, using inexpensive and available monomers as potential enhancing oil recovery (EOR) and water production control agents for high-temperature and high-salinity (HTHS) oil reservoirs. For this purpose, several copolymers and terpolymers with different molar percentage of acrylamide/styrene, acrylamide/maleic anhydride, and acrylamide/styrene/maleic anhydride were synthesized by the inverse emulsion polymerization technique. The presence of hydrophobic styrene and hydrophilic maleic anhydride monomers in the copolymer and terpolymer structure, provided some unique properties compared to polyacrylamide, was confirmed by several analyses including HNMR, elemental analysis, FTIR, SEM, TGA, and DSC. Simulating HTHS oil reservoir condition under high salinity, temperature, and shear rate, the rheological studies suggested unlike traditional EOR agents such as polyacrylamide, the viscosity of the copolymer, and terpolymer aqueous solutions showed a considerable increase after a critical polymer concentration and less reduction with the salt increment at both ambient and elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the swelling ratio of the insoluble terpolymers measured versus the time and temperature in salt water increased with the maleic anhydride mole fraction, decreased with the salt concentration, and showed a maximum value at around 57 °C. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47753.     

Physicochemical properties of cross-linked-annealed wheat starch

Starch in its native form, may not be able to provide functional properties such as high or low temperatures and shear forces bearings expected in modern industries. Therefore, it is usually modified to make it compatible for different applications. The main aim of this research was to study the effects of dual modification using cross-linking and annealing on physicochemical properties of wheat starch. Therefore, starch was first cross-linked using different levels of POCl₃ (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4?%, w/w, starch basis) and then annealed at 40?°C for 72?h. Scanning electron micrographs showed the presence of some spots on the granules of the dual-modified samples. The results of differential scanning calorimetry showed that the onset, peak and conclusion temperatures and enthalpy increased upon dual modification. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the modified samples remained unchanged while water solubility and swelling decreased. The results of rapid visco analyzing showed lower peak, setback, breakdown and final viscosities for the dual-modified samples. These samples produced stronger gels as determined using a texture analyzer. In total, annealing of the cross-linked starch could enhance some of its functional properties for further applications.     

A Silicon on Nothing LDMOS with Two Air Pillars in Gate Insulator for Power Applications

Silicon - This paper proposes a new silicon on nothing lateral double-diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor with two air gaps in the gate insulator (SON-APG LDMOS). Utilizing air for the buried layer...     

Comparison of Canola and Soy Flour with Added Isocyanate as Wood Adhesives

Canola is widely grown in the northern latitudes for its vegetable oil, generating large quantities of residual, low value canola flour used as animal feed. The common wood adhesive poly(diphenylmethylene diisocyanate) (pMDI) should react with the wide variety of functional groups in proteins. Therefore, it would seem that canola flour with added pMDI could be an effective adhesive. Two main questions are addressed in this study: How do the wood adhesive properties of canola flour compare to the better-studied soy flour? How well do proteins, which contain an abundance of functional groups, cure with the very reactive pMDI? These questions were addressed using the small-scale adhesive strength test ASTM D-7998, with various adhesive formulations and bonding conditions for canola flour plus pMDI compared to soy adhesives. The more challenging wet cohesive bond strength was emphasized because the dry strengths were usually very good. Generally, soy adhesives were better than canola ones, as was the polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin cross-linker compared to pMDI, but these generalizations can be altered by the conditions selected. Three-ply plywood tests supported the small-scale test results.     

Extraction conditions for removal of oxidized sulfur compounds in gas oil

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the extraction of oxidized sulfur compounds from gas oil. Solvents used for this purpose included acetone, acetonitrile, methanol and propanol. The effect of solvent concentration, solvent to gas oil ratio, temperature, time and number of stages was studied. To select the best solvent and conditions for extraction, two criteria were considered: high desulfurization and more hydrocarbon recovery. Results showed that extraction time and temperature have no significant effect. Methanol for low ability of extraction of oxidized sulfur compounds and propanol for low hydrocarbon recovery were excluded from further experiments. After the tests, the optimum conditions for extraction were determined to be 85% acetone, solvent/feed ratio of 1, two stages extraction in ambient temperature and enough time for mixing. In this condition 85% of sulfur compounds of gas oil containing 1,670 ppmw S were separated and 95% of gas oil was recovered.