In order to assess the economic and ecological effects of inter-company energy supply concepts, an optimising model integrating
investment and long-term production planning has been developed. The model represents the energy production of companies on
a very disaggregated level taking into account different resources, energy carriers and production processes. This model has
been applied to five industrial companies to analyse the economic and ecological implications resulting from investments in
inter-company energy supply concepts. Existing technologies as well as possible investment options have been assessed by a
techno-economic analysis taking into account company specific circumstances. In addition, the new German combined heat and
power law has been modelled in detail, because the supplementary payments legally established in this law may effect energy
go supply concepts in a considerable way. Computational results show the installation of a combined cycle power plant adapted
to the specific conditions of the case at hand would be the most promising option to fulfil the future energy demand of the
companies involved.
Correspondence to: W. Fichtner 相似文献
Nanoparticle arrays created by nanosphere lithography are widely used in sensing applications since their localized surface plasmon resonances are extremely sensitive to changes in the local dielectric environment. A major drawback for any biologically oriented sensing application of conventionally produced particle arrays is the lack of stability of the nanoparticles in aqueous media and buffer solutions. Here, a robust and reusable nanoscale sensing platform based on localized surface plasmon resonances of gold nanoparticles embedded in a silicon dioxide matrix is presented. The architecture exhibits extremely high stability in aqueous environments and can be regenerated several times by simple mechanical cleaning of the surface. The platforms surface is ultraflat by design, thus making it an ideal substrate for any bio‐oriented sensing application. 相似文献
The special situation of patent information is dealt with against the background of the general problems of information provision. The role of the Patent Department of Siemens as a user of patent information and in the distribution of patent information within the company is discussed. Finally, the present system of current patent information on granted patents and first publications is outlined and an outlook on future developments given. 相似文献
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Ethyl propionate and isopropyl acetate were identified as gallstone solvents with more favorable physicochemical properties than the currently used solvent methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). In this study, their efficacy and toxicity were compared. METHODS: To compare efficacy, matched stones from 33 patients were subjected to dissolution with each solvent. To evaluate cytotoxicity, jejunal segments of the anesthetized rat were exposed to each solvent or saline; the segments were then perfused with markers for active absorption and passive permeability. RESULTS: For 23 gallstone sets that dissolved completely with all three solvents, the average dissolution time was shorter with ethyl propionate (38 +/- 8 minutes) than with MTBE (60 +/- 13 minutes) (P = 0.03) or isopropyl acetate (55 +/- 12 minutes) (P < 0.001). Four stones did not dissolve with ethyl propionate, seven with MTBE, and eight with isopropyl acetate. After 2 minutes of exposure to the solvents, the dry weight of the segments decreased by 36% after MTBE but was unchanged after the other two solvents (P < 0.001). MTBE caused more inhibition of active absorption than the other solvents (P < 0.001) and a greater increase in passive permeation (P < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Ethyl propionate and isopropyl acetate are less toxic to the intestinal mucosa than MTBE, and ethyl propionate is more effective for gallstone dissolution. 相似文献
Geometric evaluation and optimization of module arrangement in load bearing structures – towards adaptive manufacturing in civil engineering Adaptive manufacturing of precast concrete components for modular structures has the potential to reduce scrap and rework. In this approach, the manufacturing process is iteratively adapted on the basis of the geometries of already manufactured modules so that dimensional deviations in the overall structure are compensated for in the best possible way. This article investigates how such a targeted compensation can be achieved by an arrangement of modules in modular structures. First, a measure is developed to geometrically evaluate modular structures with respect to the compensation of dimensional deviations. Then, based on this, an optimization model is presented with which an optimal arrangement of modules with given dimensional deviations can be calculated. Hereby, optimal solutions for selected problems are considered in order to establish a generally valid relationship between the geometries of the individual components and the geometric evaluation of the resulting structure. These findings serve as a basis for adaptive manufacturing. 相似文献
The self-assembly of short peptides into catalytic amyloid-like nanomaterials has proven to be a powerful tool in both understanding the evolution of early proteins and identifying new catalysts for practically useful chemical reactions. Here we demonstrate that both parallel and antiparallel arrangements of β-sheets can accommodate metal ions in catalytically productive coordination environments. Moreover, synergistic relationships, identified in catalytic amyloid mixtures, can be captured in macrocyclic and sheet-loop-sheet species, that offer faster rates of assembly and provide more complex asymmetric arrangements of functional groups, thus paving the way for future designs of amyloid-like catalytic proteins. Our findings show how initial catalytic activity in amyloid assemblies can be propagated and improved in more-complex molecules, providing another link in a complex evolutionary chain between short, potentially abiotically produced peptides and modern-day enzymes. 相似文献
Molding of micro structures by injection molding leads to special requirements for the molds e.g. regarding wear resistance and low release forces of the molded components. At the same time it is not allowed to affect the replication precision. Physical vapor deposition (PVD) is one of the promising technologies for applying coatings with adapted properties like high hardness, low roughness, low Young’s modulus and less adhesion to the melt of polymers. Physical vapor deposition technology allows the deposition of thin films on micro structures. Therefore, the influence of these PVD layers on the contour accuracy of the replicated micro structures has to be investigated. For this purpose injection mold inserts were laser structured with micro structures of different sizes and afterwards coated with two different coatings, which were deposited by a magnetron sputter ion plating PVD technology. After deposition, the coatings were analyzed by techniques regarding hardness, Young’s modulus and morphology. The geometries of the micro structures were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy before and after coating. Afterwards, the coated mold inserts were used for injection molding experiments. During the injection molding process, a conventional and a variothermal temperature control of the molds were used. The molded parts were analyzed regarding roughness, structure height and structure width by means of laser microscopy. 相似文献
Cost- and time-demanding trial-and-error methods have been the historical route for alloy development. A combinatorial approach can significantly simplify and accelerate the development process by characterization of composition dependent properties on material libraries, which are specimens or sets of specimens that map out a certain composition space, often employing composition profiles. Herein, a promising production method for such a material library is proposed: laser-remelting of stacked blocks of different compositions is evaluated for its suitability to produce material libraries, using the ternary CrCoNi system for a proof-of-concept. The composition profiles of the successfully created CrCoNi material library were measured by electron probe micro analysis. The intermixing has a length of about 2.5 mm. An analytical model describing the intermixing process is proposed and shows value in the estimation of the intermixing length after the first melting step. The comparison of the experimental microstructure observations from this work and from literature shows mostly good agreement with some deviations related to microsegregation and finite quenching cooling rates, which is supported by thermodynamic calculations regarding phase stability. In the single-phase region, the mechanical properties as measured via microhardness indentation are discussed as potential candidates for model validation. 相似文献
A facile route to generate Au and Pd nanoparticles (NPs) on zeolite L crystals decorated with photoactive polymer brushes is described. The polymers used in this approach serve a dual role: Upon irradiation with UV light, they release highly reducing ketyl radicals in a Norrish‐Type‐I reaction. These radicals serve as one electron donors to reduce metal salts to the corresponding metal NPs. At the same time the polymer shell stabilizes the in situ generated metal NPs. It is shown that the zeolite‐polymer‐NP composites can be used as recyclable catalysts for the oxidation of benzylic alcohols to aldehydes and the stereoselective semihydrogenation of alkynes to Z‐alkenes. The polymer shell in these hybrid catalysts protects the NPs from aggregation and also alters their catalytic properties.
