Combustion characteristics of an SI engine fueled with H2–CO blended fuel and diluted by CO2

This paper presents further results of the study on fundamental combustion characteristics of gaseous fuels simulated for a biogas produced through a biomass gasification process with a catalyzer. The main work focuses on combustion characteristics of H₂–CO blended fuel and the effect of CO₂ dilution on it in a spark-ignition engine under the condition of WOT, MBT and a constant speed of 1500 rpm. Equivalence ratio were limited to lower than 0.8 in order to avoid excessive high combustion temperature to damage the engine, and lean conditions were maintained during the experiment to get acceptable economy and emissions. The results show that the BMEP decreases with an increase in dilution rate. The COV of IMEP is lower than 10% under most conditions, while H₂ and CO₂ have the opposite influence on brake thermal efficiency. CO₂ dilution combustion could induce to remarkable decreasing in NO_x emission with little decrease in brake thermal efficiency, which benefits for biomass gaseous fuel application. If 500 ppm of NO_x emission and 26% of brake thermal efficiency could be viewed as accepted level, the accepted operation range of H₂–CO mixture have been obtained.     

盐酸液中钇(Ⅲ)和铕(Ⅲ)的P_(507)溶剂萃取平衡分析(英文)

为了精确预测非理想条件下稀土金属溶剂萃取的平衡分配比,研究了溶于ShellsolD70中的P507溶剂对盐酸液中钇(Ⅲ)和铕(Ⅲ)的萃取平衡,建立化学基模型,并通过非线性最小二乘法确定萃取平衡常数。所建模型涉及了在低酸度区的离子交换反应和高酸度区的溶剂化萃取反应;模型还考虑了稀土金属与Cl-的配位反应,并用萃取剂的有效浓度代替[(HR)2],进而分别对水相和有机相(HR)2的非理想性加以修正。对稀土单元体系,在较宽的初始浓度范围内(稀土浓度最高至0.1mol/L,盐酸浓度0.07-3.00mol/L,萃取剂浓度0.25-1.00mol/L),由模型计算的稀土分配比与实验测得的数据吻合良好,验证了模型的有效性。对于稀土二元体系,该模型能以良好的精度对平衡分配比进行工程预测。     

Phase-shifting real-time holographic interferometry applied to load transmission evaluation in dried human skull

Phase-shifting real-time holography with photorefractive Bi(12)SiO(20) crystal as holographic recording medium applied to load transmission evaluation and tension dissipation on a dried human skull under loading is presented. The applied loading stands as a simulation of isolated contraction (SIC) of some masticatories muscles. The four-frames phase-shifting technique and the unwrapping branch-cut technique were used to obtain the phase map. The quantitative results show the feasibility of the employed system in the study of microdisplacements in the skull structure provided by SIC.     

Combustion behavior and application of polyolefin‐based floor sheet laminated with Nylon‐6/clay nanocomposites film

Nanocomposites are potential materials that can be used to improve the flame resistance of polymers without the need for halogen‐based flame retardants. However, the nanocomposites cannot be used as the only raw material to produce final products as they are too expensive compared with low‐cost commodity plastics. Therefore, some types of polyolefin‐based floor sheet laminated with nanocomposites film were prepared for the cone calorimetric study to determine the suitable nanocomposites laminated structure for flame resistance. This study found that the polyolefin‐based floor sheet laminated with 200 µm Nylon‐6/montmorillonite nanocomposites film on the surface can reduce the HRR _max and the S significantly; other types of nanocomposites film‐laminated floor sheet were not able to reduce their flame resistance in comparison with the normal Nylon‐6 film‐laminated floor sheet. Meanwhile, based on the gas barrier performance, the higher aspect ratio of clay is assumed to contribute to the higher flame resistance of nanocomposites. Thus, the polyolefin‐based floor sheet laminated with Nylon‐6/sericite nanocomposites film on the surface was also prepared and examined in the cone calorimetric study. However, the Nylon‐6/sericite nanocomposites film surface‐laminated floor sheet did not cause a significant reduction in the HRR _max and S compared with the Nylon‐6/montmorillonite nanocomposites film surface‐laminated floor sheet. The grade determined according to the standard fire test and the mechanical properties of the Nylon‐6/montmorillonite nanocomposites film surface‐laminated floor sheet satisfied the requirements for floor sheets for Japanese railway vehicles. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Composition Regulation by Flow Copolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate and Glycidyl Methacrylate with Free Radical Method

It is important to match the feeding ratio of comonomers to the composition ratio in the resulting copolymers as closely as possible in industrial production, where the goal is often to produce more a homogeneous composition in copolymers. In this study, a flow copolymerization system with a conventionally initiated free radical method, together with randomly selected polymerization conditions is investigated. It is succeeded in achieving a closer match between the composition ratio and feeding ratio than previously reported in the copolymerization of styrene with methyl methacrylate and of glycidyl methacrylate with methyl methacrylate, which will widen the range of applications, by precisely controlling the mixing and heating in a flow polymerization apparatus. This is confirmed by the fact that the estimated values of reactivity ratios, r₁ and r₂, which are used in the reaction kinetics of copolymerization, are close to 1.