硝基苯催化加氢制苯胺的热力学分析

用基团估算法计算了硝基苯的热力学数据。对硝基苯催化加氢制苯胺进行了比较详细的热力学分析,首次建立了该反应的反应焓变、Gihbs自由能以及反应平衡常数的变化与反应温度的关系。得出该反应为自发放热反应,反应温度越高,趋于热力学平衡程度越低。     

低压化学气相沉积制备ZrC涂层：原位溴化工艺

本研究设计了一种溴化装置,用于合成并稳定控制ZrBr4蒸汽的流量。采用低压化学沉积技术,以Zr-Br2-C3H6-H2-Ar为体系,1200°C在石墨基底上制备了ZrC涂层。研究了气体组分(源气C/Zr比)对ZrC涂层微观形貌及生长机制的影响。源气C/Zr比为1.5时,涂层的沉积过程为由表面反应机制为主,ZrC涂层较为疏松。源气C/Zr比为0.5~1时,扩散动力学是涂层的主要生长机制,所制备的ZrC涂层具有致密均匀ZrC涂层,并沿(200)晶面择优取向。同时,源气C/Zr比为0.5时,制备的ZrC涂层无自由碳存在并具有近化学计量比。     

聚合物共混体系中分散相在物理老化过程的尺寸变化

文章研究了退火过程对乙烯-辛烯共聚物/热塑性聚氨酯不相容共混物的相聚集现象的影响,利用扫描电子显微镜分析分散相的粒径,结果表明,随着退火温度的提高和时间的延长,分散相的粒径变大、分布变宽,聚集长大机理起关键作用。     

金属离子对脂肪族聚酯降解性能的影响

在土壤培养液中添加不同种类的金属离子,研究了它们对可生物降解聚酯聚乳酸（PLA）、聚丁二酸丁二酯（PBS）膜降解性能的影响。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪表征了PLA和PBS膜降解前后的化学结构。结果表明：所有降解后的膜表面均有明显被侵蚀的痕迹;在土壤培养液中的Mg^2＋,Zn^2＋,Ca^2＋对PLA的降解性能有促进作用,对PBS的降解性能则影响不大;降解后PLA膜的玻璃化转变温度有所升高,但PBS膜变化不大。     

一个新的颗粒填充聚合物复合材料导热模型

基于最小热阻力法则和比等效导热系数法则,建立一新的颗粒填充聚合物复合材料的导热模型并导出等效导热系数公式。应用该公式估算了酚醛树脂／铝粉和酚醛树脂／石墨复合材料的等效导热系数,并与试验测量数据比较。结果表明,导热系数的理论预测值和试验数据相当接近。     

液-固发酵法沙棘果醋的风味研究

以沙棘果汁为原料,采用液-固发酵法研制沙棘果醋。用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气质联用(GC-MS)分析技术,考察了沙棘果醋的风味成分,并与国内恒顺优质香醋的风味对照,确定共有成分30种:酯类10种、酸类9种、醇类4种、酮类2种、醛类2种、吡嗪类2种、呋喃类1种。酚类、四氢化吡咯、3-甲基-4-乙酰基吡唑等风味化合物赋予了沙棘果醋独特的风味。     

气液混合功能电极电火花诱导烧蚀高效铣削研究

提出了气液混合功能电极电火花诱导烧蚀铣削加工方法,并进行了针对Cr12的铣削试验,与常规电火花铣削进行对比和分析,发现气液混合烧蚀铣削的加工效率可达96.3 mm3/min,而常规电火花铣削的加工效率仅为6.4 mm3/min.从工件表面微观形貌、能谱及成分分析等方面进行研究,解释了加工效率高的原因.最后研究了不同加工参数下,气液混合功能电极电火花诱导烧蚀铣削加工效率的工艺规律.     

氯化浸取钢渣中钒的动力学研究

为了提高湿法浸出低钒钢渣中钒的浸出率,并为湿法浸出低钒钢渣中钒提供理论依据,从动力学角度分析整个浸出过程,并考察温度、液/固比、浸出时间和搅拌速度对浸出过程的影响。结果表明,在90℃,液/固比为10:1以及4.0mol/L盐酸,过氧化氢8.0mL,浸取90min条件下,低钒钢渣中钒的浸出率可达到98.8%。通过正交实验和动力学推导,得到描述浸出过程的经验方程。低钒钢渣湿法浸出钒的动力学模型为未反应收缩核模型,浸出过程的表观活化能为7.21kJ/mol。该模型表明浸出过程中的控制步骤取决于边界层的扩散速度。提高温度、液/固比和浸出时间,均可增加钒的浸出速度,提高钒的浸出率。     

Porous nitrogen-enriched hollow carbon nanofibers as freestanding electrode for enhanced lithium storage

One-dimensional porous carbons bearing high surface areas and sufficient heteroatom doped functional-ities are essential for advanced electrochemical energy storage devices, especially for developing free-standing film electrodes. Here we develop a porous, nitrogen-enriched, freestanding hollow carbon nanofiber (PN-FHCF) electrode material via filtration of polypyrrole (PPy) hollow nanofibers formed by in situ self-degraded template-assisted strategy, followed by NH3-assisted carbonization. The PN-FHCF retains the freestanding film morphology that is composed of three-dimensional networks from the entanglement of 1D nanofiber and delivers 3.7-fold increase in specific surface area (592 m2·g-1) com-pared to the carbon without NH3 treatment (FHCF). In spite of the enhanced specific surface area, PN-FHCF still exhibits comparable high content of surface N functionalities (8.8％, atom fraction) to FHCF. Such developed hierarchical porous structure without sacrificing N doping functionalities together enables the achievement of high capacity, high-rate property and good cycling stability when applied as self-supporting anode in lithium-ion batteries, superior to those of FHCF without NH3 treatment.     

Effect of sulfate on Cu(Ⅱ) sorption to polymer-supported nano-hydrated ferric oxides: Experimental and modeling studies

Incorporating of hydrous ferric oxide(HFO) inside porous supports with large sizes has become an effective way to decontaminate the water from heavy metals. Ubiquitous anions like sulfate are usually present in high concentrations in water, and might greatly affect adsorption behavior of hybrid HFO. Here, a polymer-based HFO-CPS was fabricated by encapsulating nano-HFO inside a chloromethylated polystyrene polymer(CPS) and the reactivity of HFO-CPS with Cu(Ⅱ) was evaluated in the presence of sulfate ions.Surface complexation theory was firstly employed to describe the effect of sulfate on Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption edges of hybrid HFO-CPS, where constant capacitance model(CCM) was adopted. The available weak adsorption site Fe_((2))OH of hybrid HFO-CPS was found to decrease from 20% Fe to 5% Fe, which might be caused by the pore plugging effect after HFO encapsulation. With the assumption that a ternary complex was formed, the effect of sulfate on Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption by HFO-CPS were successfully described by CCM using the optimized Fe_((2))OH site under different sulfate concentrations(1 or 10 mmol·L~(-1)) and Cu/Fe ratios(0.0042 or 0.0252). It is confirmed that the formation of Fe OHCu SO_4 ternary surface complexes played an important role in enhancing Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption on HFO-CPS in the presence of sulfate.