Indoor residual spray and insecticide-treated bednets for malaria control: theoretical synergisms and antagonisms

Indoor residual spray (IRS) of insecticides and insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) are the two most important malaria vector control tools in the tropical world. Application of both tools in the same locations is being implemented for malaria control in endemic and epidemic Africa. The two tools are assumed to have synergistic benefits in reducing malaria transmission because they both act at multiple stages of the transmission cycle. However, this assumption has not been rigorously examined, empirically or theoretically. Using mathematical modelling, we obtained the conditions for which a combination strategy can be expected to improve upon single control tools. Specifically, spraying of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in all houses where residents are not using ITNs can reduce transmission of malaria (R₀) by up to 10 times more than the reduction achieved through ITNs alone. Importantly, however, we also show how antagonism between control tools can arise via interference of their modes of action. Repellent IRS reduces the likelihood that ITNs are contacted within sprayed houses and ITNs reduce the rate at which blood-fed mosquitoes rest on sprayed walls. For example, 80 per cent coverage of ITNs and DDT used together at the household level resulted in an R₀ of 11.1 when compared with an R₀ of 0.1 achieved with 80 per cent ITN coverage without DDT. While this undesired effect can be avoided using low-repellence pyrethroid chemicals for IRS, the extent of the potential benefits is also attenuated. We discuss the impact that this result will likely have on future efforts in malaria control combination strategy.     

Effect of Compression on the Crystallization Behavior and Corrosion Resistance of Al86Ni9La5 Amorphous Alloy

The effect of compression on the crystallization behavior and corrosion resistance of Al(86)Ni9La5 amorphous ribbons was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning elec-tron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemistry test. The XRD and TEM results reveal that the compressed Al(86)Ni9La5 ribbons spun with the circumferential speed (R) of 29.3 m/s are in fully amorphous state; however, the compressed ribbons spun with R=14.7 m/s have crystalline phases embedded in the amorphous matrix. The SEM images indicate that after compression, the toughness of the ribbons increases. Electrochemical results show that the compression decreases the stability of the passive film of the Al(86)Ni9La5 amorphous ribbons, because of the compression-introduced free volume, shear bands and crystalline phases; meanwhile, with R=14.7 m/s, the compression-induced crystalline phases in the Al(86)Ni9La5 ribbons increase the corrosion potential.     

氯化聚乙烯/AO 2246复合材料的阻尼性能和微观形态

将氯化聚乙烯(CPE)和有机小分子2,2-亚甲基-双(4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚)(AO2246)混合制备了有机杂化阻尼材料,并通过动态力学分析、差示扫描量热法和扫描电子显微镜研究了阻尼材料的动态力学性能和微观结构。结果表明,在复合材料中CPE和AO 2246是相容体系;随着AO 2246含量的增加,复合材料的损耗因子(tanδ)峰值及其对应的温度逐渐增大;但当AO 2246质量分数达到50%时,复合材料的tanδ值减小而其对应的温度却继续向高温方向偏移,同时峰形变宽;复合材料中AO 2246以杂化态、微相分离态和微晶态共存,当AO 2246质量分数小于30%时,AO 2246主要以杂化态分布于基体中,复合材料中几乎没有微结晶;当AO 2246质量分数大于30%时,复合材料中AO 2246主要以微相分离态分布于基体;过量的AO 2246以微晶形式析出,形成结晶态;随着AO 2246含量的增加,复合材料中结晶数量越多。     

试论黄河流域水土保持生态工程监督管理的保障措施

通过论述黄河流域水土保持生态工程开展监督管理的必要性和紧迫性,提出采用生物措施和工程措施相结合、重点示范与面上治理相结合、人工治理与自然恢复相结合的立体化建设模式,促进和利用黄河流域水土保持生态工程的监督管理及其预防保护的有效措施,从而保证黄河流域水土保持生态工程的顺利实施.     

托辊轴承系列产品塑料保持架的改进

托辊轴承应用于煤矿带式输送机和农业带式输送机中,其轴承工作环境恶劣,灰尘大,在煤泥水和其他有害的气体环境中运转。因此,托辊轴承对旋转阻力、防卡寿命具有一定的要求。为满足托辊轴承性能要求,首先在保持架的材料选取及保持架结构设计上进行了改进。保持架的材质采用了性能优良的工程塑料,并在保持架的结构上进行了改进-增加了叶片。因此,提高了轴承的寿命及动态性能。     

石材加工时间的计算（二）

（1）不等厚圆弧板的工时计算假设客户所要求加工的圆弧板的弧长为H：圆弧板的半径为R;金刚线绳的进给速度为F,F单位为mndmin。从以上两个条件可以算出：圆弧板的圆心角0=2arcsin{（H＋40）／2R},圆弧长1=（R＋5）×0,如果切一刀圆弧的加工工时用T表示,则：     

广东电网电压无功运行管理现状分析及建议

针对2009年广东电网无功电压运行的实际情况,分析了广东省无功分层分区平衡、电压运行、无功功率补偿设备、变电站电压无功控制和区域电压自动控制的现状;总结电压无功运行中存在的问题,并提出应对措施和建议;从动态无功功率补偿、无功功率补偿技术改造、无功电压技术监督管理专项检查和无功电压专题分析和策略方面对广东省的无功电压重点工作提出了建议。     

电网规划中考虑风电场影响的最小切负荷量研究

提出应用鲁棒线性优化理论来研究电网规划中含多个风电场的最小切负荷量计算问题,为含多个风电场的系统安全性研究提供了一条新的思路。根据Seng-Cheol Kang提出的鲁棒线性优化理论,建立电网规划中考虑风电场影响的最小切负荷量模型。该模型以出力上下限和出力期望值来描述风电场的出力,最终转化为一确定性的线性规划问题并进行求解。在计及或不计及发电机调整的情况下,该模型均能够给出最安全的切负荷方案,除此以外还能给出更多介于最可靠与最经济之间的切负荷方案,实现灵活决策;在计及发电机出力可调的情况下,该模型能够给出相应的发电机出力方案;该模型能够初步给出各种切负荷方案下电网规划方案的可靠程度。基于修正的Garver’s 6节点系统和修正的巴西南部46节点系统算例测试结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

子模型方法在活门有限元分析中的应用

在活门有限元计算中,运用ANSYS软件的子模型分析功能,采用子模型方法,对某电站活门阀轴轴肩处进行不同过渡圆角下的子模型分析研究,从而比较清楚地了解了活门阀轴在高应力区域的应力分布情况,真实地反映了实际应力水平,并对计算结果进行分析得出具有参考价值的结论。