Participatory Modeling Workshops in a Water-Stressed Basin Result in Gains in Modeling Capacity but Reveal Disparity in Water Resources Management Priorities

Participatory modeling workshops were held in Sonora, México, with the goal of developing water resources management strategies in a water-stressed basin. A model of the water resources system, consisting of watershed hydrology, water resources infrastructure, and groundwater models, was developed deliberatively in the workshops, along with scenarios of future climate and development. Participants used the final version of the water resources systems model to select management strategies. The performance of the strategies was based on the reliability of meeting current and future demands at a daily time scale over a year’s period. Pre- and post-workshop surveys were developed and administered. The survey questions focused on evaluation of participants’ modeling capacity and the utility and accuracy of the models. The selected water resources strategies and the associated, expected reliability varied widely among participants. Most participants could be clustered into three groups with roughly equal numbers of participants that varied in terms of reliance on expanding infrastructure vs. demand modification; expectations of reliability; and perceptions of social, environmental, and economic impacts. The wide range of strategies chosen and associated reliabilities indicate that there is a substantial degree of uncertainty in how future water resources decisions could be made in the region. The pre- and post-survey results indicate that participants believed their modeling abilities increased and beliefs in the utility of models increased as a result of the workshops.     

Ecosystem Service Impacts of Urban Water Supply and Demand Management

Utilities face the challenge of enhancing long-term water security while minimising undesirable economic, social and environmental impacts of supply and demand management options. This paper provides an example of how the ecosystem services concept can be used to enumerate and organise broad impacts of water supply options. A case study of Adelaide, South Australia, is used to examine costs and benefits associated with different sources of water and source-water mix scenarios. Ecosystem service impacts are estimated using estimates from the literature. Seven water supply and demand management options are considered for Adelaide: 1) the River Murray, 2) Mt. Lofty Ranges catchments, 3) wastewater reuse, 4) desalination, 5) stormwater harvesting, 6) groundwater and 7) water conservation. The largest costs are associated with sourcing water from conservation measures such as water restrictions on outdoor watering estimated at $1.87/kL. Salinity damage costs associated with residential uses are estimated at up to $1.54/kL. Salinity damage costs of wastewater reuse were estimated at $1.16/kL. The largest benefit is coastal amenity services associated with stormwater harvesting and treatment estimated at $1.03/kL. Results show that there is a trade-off between financial costs and ecosystem services impacts with source-water mix scenarios with the highest ecosystem services cost having the lowest financial O&M cost and vice versa. This highlights the importance of taking ecosystem services into account when evaluating water supply options.     

硅酸根分析仪在火电厂水处理中的应用

FIA－33型自动分析仪是采用先进的流动注射技术，固体冷光源光纤技术及现代微机技术相结合的一种智能型在线水质分析仪器，成功地实现 了锅炉水（汽）硅酸根的快速在线实时监测，阐述了硅酸根自动分析仪的特点，分析流程及工作原理，并结合近几年来的现场应用实践进行分析总结。     

Li_20对AlN陶瓷低温烧结的影响

利用XRD,SEM和TEM研究了Li2O-CaF2-Y2O3体系在/AlN陶瓷低温烧结中的作用机理,研究发现,添加Li2O的/AlN陶瓷有着更低的收缩开始温度和更大的收缩率,这种收缩来自于含Li玻璃相与CaYAlO4液相的共同作用。在烧结过程中,Li2O不仅改变了AlN烧结过程中的相组成,而且改善了液相的性质。由于Li2O和Al2O3在l 100℃以下反应生成含Li玻璃相,使得AlN开始收缩的温度大为降低。在1 600℃以上,含Li玻璃相分解散失,有利于AlN晶界的纯化,同时,CaYAl3O7向CaYAlO4的转变以及液相CaYAlO4在烧结过程中稳定存在,保证了含Li玻璃相散失后AlN的持续收缩。     

化学工业推行清洁生产势在必行

本文介绍了清洁生产的内容,阐述了化学工业推行清洁生产的必要性、主要障碍和促进化工清洁生产的重要因素,并以实例说明清洁生产给企业带来的效益。     

石化企业循环水系统的节水运行与管理

围绕工业循环冷却水系统的工艺原理及水质特点，全面分析阐述了石化循环水系统开展节水运行管理的途径方法及其注意事项，天津石化公司乙烯厂在此方面取得了良好的效果。     

钢筋在堆石料中的拉拔试验研究

作为一种有效的土石坝抗震加固措施,加筋在高土石坝建设中正被越来越广泛地运用。钢筋与堆石料接触特性及影响因素研究是合理进行加筋设计的前提。通过室内拉拔试验研究了钢筋与堆石料的界面摩擦特性,揭示了不同上覆压力、堆石料含水状态、堆石料级配及孔隙率等因素对试验结果的影响。结果表明,堆石料与钢筋接触面剪应力与拉拔位移曲线呈下端开口的抛物线形状,上升段陡于下降段,残余剪应力数值不稳定;4个影响因素中,上覆压力与峰值剪应力曲线近似于线性正比关系;孔隙率和峰值剪应力曲线类似于线性反比关系;级配平均线的峰值剪应力与拉拔位移曲线位于级配上包线的试验曲线之上;饱和含水状态下堆石料的峰值剪应力与拉拔位移曲线远低于风干状态。     

Honey bees mating optimization algorithm for process planning problem

Process planning is a very important function in the modern manufacturing system. It impacts the efficiency of the manufacturing system greatly. The process planning problem has been proved to be a NP-hard problem. The traditional algorithms cannot solve this problem very well. Therefore, due to the intractability and importance of process planning problem, it is very necessary to develop efficiency algorithms which can obtain a good process plan with minimal global machining cost in reasonable time. In this paper, a new method based on honey bees mating optimization (HBMO) algorithm is proposed to optimize the process planning problem. With respect to the characteristics of process planning problem, the solution encoding, crossover operator, local search strategies have been developed. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, three experiments have been carried out, and the comparisons among HBMO and some other existing algorithms are also presented. The results demonstrate that the HBMO algorithm has achieved satisfactory improvement.     

油田联合站油水分离的模糊-PID控制

联合站油水分离过程是将高含水原油处理成为合格产品的重要生产过程，从控制理论角度看，此过程具有多变量、干扰因素复杂、非线性、大滞后、压力与界面强耦合的特点，为了实现此过程的自动控制，本文针对典型的两段式脱水工艺进行了理论分析，通过对人工智能控制经验的总结，确定了模糊-PID控制策略。