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961.
962.
Ken Donaldson Paul JA Borm Vincent Castranova Mary Gulumian 《Particle and fibre toxicology》2009,6(1):13
In vitro studies with particles are a major staple of particle toxicology, generally used to investigate mechanisms and better understand
the molecular events underlying cellular effects. However, there is ethical and financial pressure in nanotoxicology, the
new sub-specialty of particle toxicology, to avoid using animals. Therefore an increasing amount of studies are being published
using in vitro approaches and such studies require careful interpretation. We point out here that 3 different conventional
pathogenic particle types, PM10, asbestos and quartz, which cause diverse pathological effects, have been reported to cause very similar oxidative stress
effects in cells in culture. We discuss the likely explanation and implications of this apparent paradox, and its relevance
for testing in nanotoxicology. 相似文献
963.
Sirine ChehaidiVincent Salles Sylvie FoucaudAlexandre Maitre Paul Goursat 《Journal of the European Ceramic Society》2011,31(6):1113-1122
We performed pyrolysis of SiCNAlH and SiCNYOH nanopowder precursors under a reactive atmosphere (Ar/NH3/H2) with various compositions of ammonia (NH3) and dihydrogen (H2) to diminish C content, which is deleterious for thermal stability and sintering of the powders. This paper continues a previous work on the fabrication of an Si3N4/SiC composite without free C by studying the effect of H2 on the C/N atomic ratio of the powder. We studied the influence of the nature of the gaseous mixture (Ar/NH3/H2) on the powder composition. Elemental analysis showed that the introduction of H2 in the pyrolysis atmosphere limited the decomposition of NH3 and allowed for control of the C/N ratio. This behaviour can be explained by the structural evolution observed by 29Si NMR spectrometry but also by Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy. An Si3N4/SiC composite, with traces of free C, was obtained after post-pyrolysis heat treatment of the powders synthesized with 10 wt.% of H2 and 25 wt.% NH3. 相似文献
964.
P. Paul Pandian S. Saravana Sankar S. G. Ponnambalam S. Bathrinath 《The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology》2011,57(9-12):1143-1154
Any practical implementation of any multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) must include a secondary population composed of all Pareto-optimal solutions found during its search process. Such an implementation with an active participation of solutions from the secondary population into the generational population of the genetic cycle is expected to improve the effectiveness of the MOEA. In this work, two kinds of secondary population, one with set of non-dominated solutions and another with a set of inferior solutions, accrued out of the generation cycles are constructed, and with different combinations of feeding of solutions from these two secondary populations, seven different implementation schemes are designed with an aim of intensifying the convergence and diversification capabilities of the genetic process of MOEA. All the schemes were implemented in a genetic algorithm-based MOEA designed to solve the scheduling problem with dual objectives for a flexible manufacturing system and tested with common experimental data. The performances of the schemes are compared, and the most appropriate implementation scheme is proposed. 相似文献
965.
Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is one of the promising nextgeneration fabrics for circuits. Coplanar wire crossings are one of the more elegant features of this new low-power computing paradigm. Proposed are coplanar wire crossovers using a single type of QCA cells, which has significant implications in fabrication and fault tolerance. 相似文献
966.
David R. Vernon Paul A. Erickson Chang-Hsien Liao Jon Hsu Hong-Yue Tang 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2009
Hydrogen can be produced via steam reformation of many feedstocks. External heat sources provide the thermal energy required by the endothermic steam reformation reactions. Temperature control of the steam reformation reactor is critical to reactor performance and catalyst life. Closed-loop control systems are typically used to modulate the heat input rate based on a comparison between a set point temperature and a temperature measurement. The location of the temperature sensor relative to the heat input location is a choice made during reactor design that can have significant impact on reactor temperature control. 相似文献
967.
Charles Cooper Paul Galick Stephen Harris Daniel Pourreau Carmen Rodriguez 《Journal of Coatings Technology》2001,73(992):19-24
Xylene is the traditional diluent solvent for formulating epoxy/amine paints used in protective coatings and linings. Currently,
it is under regulatory pressure because it is on the hazardous air pollutant (HAP) list and it is also a volatile organic
compound (VOC). Ketones and acetate esters are powerful solvents, but their use is limited by their reaction with the amine
curatives before paint application. Tert-butyl acetate (t-BAc) proposed as a VOC-exempt solvent, is a nonreactive, non-HAP
solvent suitable for both the epoxy resin and amine curative sides of a two-component epoxy system. Molecular modeling predicts
very low reactivity of the t-BAc ester functionality with amine nucleophiles as a result of steric hindrance. Long-term aging
studies with amine curatives in t-BAc solutions confirm these theoretical results. Kinetics of the reaction of amines with
t-BAc and its n-butyl acetate isomer support the view that steric hindrance plays a major role in amine solution stability.
Presented at the International Waterborne, High-Solids, and Powder Coatings Symposium, February 21–23, 2001, New Orleans,
LA.
3801 West Chester Pike, Newtown Square, PA 19073. 相似文献
968.
Stephen W. Rothwell Evelyn Sawyer Jennifer Dorsey William S. Flournoy Timothy Settle David Simpson Gary Cadd Paul Janmey Charles White Kathleen A. Szabo 《Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine》2009,20(10):2155-2166
We investigated the inflammatory response in pigs exposed to salmon fibrinogen/thrombin dressings. Animals were exposed to
the material in 3 ways: (a) thrombin and fibrinogen were injected intravenously, (b) dual full-thickness skin lesions were
surgically created on the dorsal aspect of the swine and treated with the fibrinogen/thrombin bandage and a commercial bandage
or (c) a fibrinogen/thrombin bandage was inserted through an abdominal incision into the peritoneal cavity. Blood was collected
twice weekly and animals were sacrificed at 7, 10 or 28 days. Animals in the 28-day dermal lesion group were given an injection
of salmon fibrinogen/thrombin at the 10 day point to simulate a second bandage application. The immune response manifested
itself as induction of germinal centers in mesenteric lymph nodes and in the white pulp of the spleen. Examination of the
histology of the skin and organs showed a cellular inflammatory response with granulation tissue and signs of edema that resolved
by the 28-day stage. Antibodies reactive to salmon and human thrombin and fibrinogen were detected, but fibrinogen levels
and coagulation processes were not affected. In conclusion, animals treated with salmon fibrinogen/thrombin bandages demonstrated
a smooth recovery course in terms of both tissue healing and the immune response without adverse effects from the exposure
to the fish proteins. 相似文献
969.
Paul R. Hanlon Melissa G. Robbins Lori D. Hammon David M. Barnes 《Journal of Functional Foods》2009,1(4):356-365
The vegetative, or above ground, portion of radishes are not typically consumed and have not been characterized in terms of their phytochemical content or biological activity. The antioxidant capacity of the freeze-dried vegetative portion of mature Spanish black radishes (harvested 2 months after planting) was 3.7-, 3.6- and 2.9-fold greater than freeze-dried roots as assayed by ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total phenolics and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), respectively. No carotenoids were detected in the roots, however the vegetative portion contained 905.0 and 421.2 μg/g of lutein and β-carotene, respectively. Despite differences in glucosinolate composition, a class of compounds related to the induction of detoxification enzymes, the aqueous extracts of roots and the vegetative portion similarly induced quinone reductase activity and the expression of multiple phase I and II detoxification enzymes in the HepG2 human hepatoma cell line. When juiced, the resulting freeze-dried juice and pulp of the vegetative portion maintained the ability to induce detoxification enzymes, although there were some differences in the phytochemical contents of these two dried materials. These data demonstrate that the ability of the vegetative portion of Spanish black radish, which has significantly greater antioxidant potential than roots, to induce detoxification enzyme expression was similar to that of the roots. 相似文献
970.
Sharon F. Arroyo Evin J. Cramer John E. Dennis Jr Paul D. Frank 《Optimization and Engineering》2009,10(4):557-573
This paper presents several formulations and comparative test results for problems involving the general paradigm of coupled sets of components (CSoC). This paradigm is general enough to include systems of systems (SoS) under any of the various definitions, as well as multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO). It is assumed that a CSoC involves a (potentially inactive) coordinating component, or “Central Authority”, and one or more, potentially interacting, subordinate components. The formulations differ in the amount of control given to the CA versus the autonomy granted to the subordinate components. In this generality, satisfaction of equilibrium conditions replaces the optimality condition in defining a solution. A solution still requires feasibility of all constraints. The desirability of a particular equilibrium point depends on the specific problem being studied and the component algorithms used to obtain that equilibrium. These concepts are illustrated using comparative test results for several of the formulations on a NASA-generated, public domain, aircraft conceptual design problem. 相似文献