Fractoemission from Lead Zirconate-Titanate

We present measurements of the electron, positive ion, and photon emission accompanying the fracture in vacuum of poly-crystalline 95/5 lead zirconate-titanate. The intensities of the charged-particle components of this fractoemission are shown to depend strongly on the direction (relative to the direction of fracture) and magnitude of polarization. The most intense emission is observed when the fracture surfaces are perpendicular to the polarization direction. The emission intensity increases monotonically with polarization. These results are interpreted in terms of a model involving charge separation on the fracture surfaces leading to a microdischarge during fracture. Implications to the interpretation of triboluminesence effects are discussed.     

Identification of a class of nonlinear state-space models using RPEtechniques

The RPE (recursive prediction error) method in state-space form is developed in the nonlinear systems and extended to include the exact form of a nonlinearity, thus enabling structure preservation for certain classes of nonlinear systems. Both the discrete and the continuous-discrete versions of the algorithm in an innovations model are investigated, and a nonlinear simulation example shows a quite convincing performance of the filter as combined parameter and state estimator     

Optical networks for local loop applications

Some of the options for optical technology within the local loop environment are examined. In particular, passive shared access networks have been considered in some detail. These networks show great promise for delivering existing telephone services to small to medium business customers (4-30 lines) economically by the early 1990s. Extending fiber to the home will also be possible by virtue of a similar passive network infrastructure for customers requiring new broadband services beyond the single telephone line. For one-line plain old telephone service (POTS) customers, an intermediate approach of terminating the fiber network at the final network distribution point, with copper retained for the final leg, may be used prior to the provision of broadband services. A key feature of the passive optical network architecture is the use of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) as an upgrade strategy, allowing graceful upgrading from telephone services to multichannel high-definition television (HDTV) on gigabit/second bearers and full two-way switched broadband services employing wavelength routing across the network     

Effect of grain boundaries on isothermal solidification during transient liquid phase brazing

The influence of liquid penetration at grain boundary regions on the rate of advance of the solid-liquid interface during isothermal solidification of transient liquid phase (TLP) brazed nickel joints has been examined. The test samples used in this study were Ohno-cast nickel with a grain size of >4 mm and a fine-grained nickel with a grain size of around 40 μm. Both Ni-base materials had the same chemical composition. The rate of isothermal solidification was greater when fine-grained nickel was employed during TLP brazing using Ni-11 wt pct P filler metal at 1200 °C. Liquid penetration at grain boundaries accelerates the isothermal solidification process by increasing the effective solid-liquid interfacial area and increasing the rate of solute diffusion into the base material. An analysis of electron channeling patterns has confirmed that random high-angle boundaries have a greater influence on the rate of isothermal solidification than ordered boundaries including small-angle or twin boundaries. Formerly Visiting Scientist, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, University of Toronto. Formerly Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, University of Toronto     

Kinematic nonuniqueness of elastoplastic structures

Lack of uniqueness of the kinematic solution of structures, analyzed as an assemblage of discretized elements assuming nonholonomic linearly-elastic/perfectly-plastic behaviour and a linearized yield surface, is studied. The occurrence of an elastoplastic mechanism leads to nonuniqueness; an elastoplastic mechanism is defined as a kinematically-admissible strain rate field made up of an admissible elastoplastic solution of the governing conditions and an add-on variable component consisting of a linear combination of plastic (collapse) mechanisms. The scalar multipliers of this linear combination are bounded, except at plastic collapse in which case the elastoplastic mechanism degenerates to a plastic mechanism. In the space of loads, the load paths that could coexist with nonuniqueness are restricted to a hyperplane or a crease of intersection of hyperplanes, defined by the equilibrium equations arising from the associated plastic mechanisms of the elastoplastic mechanism. The difference between any two competing displacement vectors would be normal to that hyperplane or crease, in the same manner plastic strain rates are to the yield surface according to the flow rule.     

Comfort limits for asymmetric thermal radiation

Groups of 32 and 16 subjects of both sexes were exposed in an environmental chamber to radiant asymmetry caused by a cool wall, a warm wall, and a cool ceiling. Each subject was tested individually while seated and clothed at 0.6 clo. During each 3.5-hour experiment the subject was exposed to six radiant temperature asymmetries. He was asked whether and where he experienced any local cool or warm sensation, and whether it was felt to be uncomfortable. During the entire experiment he was kept thermally neutral by changing the air temperature according to his wishes.For cool walls, warm walls, and cool ceilings curves have been established showing the percentage of dissatisfied subjects as a function of the radiant asymmetry. Radiant asymmetry at a warm wall caused less discomfort than a cool wall. A cool ceiling caused less discomfort than a warm ceiling. Accepting that 5% of the subjects may feel uncomfortable. a radiant temperature asymmetry of 10°C is allowable at a cool wall, 23°C at a warm wall, and 14°C under a cool ceiling. A previous study showed that 4°C is allowable under a warm ceiling. Radiant asymmetry had no significant impact on the operative temperatures preferred by the subjects. No significant differences were observed between the responses of men and women exposed to radiant asymmetry.     

Hydrologic regionalisation impacts on wet-weather control selection.

Continuous simulation is performed using the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) to evaluate regional differences around the United States in hydrologic and water quality performance of wet-weather controls. Controls are characterised as being limited by peak inflow rate (i.e. any device with little or no storage, such as screens, filters and some proprietary devices) or by storage capacity (e.g., ponds, tanks). For flow-limited devices, results are presented in the form of percentage of annual runoff volume captured (passing through the device) for a given inflow capacity. For storage-limited devices, results are presented in two forms: percentage of annual runoff volume captured as a function of unit basin size and drawdown (drain) time, and as a percentage of total suspended solids captured, for the same two variables. Regional differences are apparent, driven mainly by variations in rainfall patterns around the country.     

THEORETICAL STUDY OF A NEW MATERIAL FOR FILTERS: AEROGELS

Aerogels are highly porous materials made by removing the liquid phase of a dilute suspension of solids by taking off the vapor under super-critical temperature and pressure conditions. The aerogel structure has a skeleton of nanometer-size elements forming pores that are tens of nanometers in dimension. In some cases the structure of the aerogel arises from clusters having fractal geometry. The collection efficiency and pressure drop for such material is predicted here from models in the literature. A quality factor is used to compare aerogel material with other filter materials. The quality factor relating gas filtration efficiency with pressure drop is predicted to be unusually high for these materials in comparison with other common fibrous filter media, predicting lower flow resistance for aerogels at equivalent particle collection efficiency levels.