小河嘴水电站增效扩容改造电气设备分析

小河嘴水电站已运行四十多年,设备老化,故障多,自动化水平低,对该站进行增效扩容改造是必要的,而且也是可行的。     

杂多酸掺杂质子交换膜的制备、结构及性能

作为含有多金属氧酸Keggin分子构型的固体强酸,杂多酸(HPAs)具有优异的吸水性、质子传导性(cp)、机械、热及化学稳定性。HPA掺杂陶瓷或聚合物质子交换膜(PEMs)可以有效提高复合PEMs的亲水性、cp、燃料阻隔性、机械、热及化学稳定性,同时显著降低其cp及燃料阻隔性的温度与湿度依赖性。当HPA掺杂陶瓷时,两者之间的氢键作用导致HPA在基体中的流失率低、分散性强且掺杂量高,此时复合PEMs的cp(10~(-1) S/cm数量级)较基体PEMs(10~(-3)~10~(-2) S/cm)大幅升高;而当HPA掺杂磺化聚合物时,两者之间的静电排斥力造成HPA在基体中的流失率高、分散性差且掺杂量低,此时复合PEMs的cp(10~(-1) S/cm数量级)较基体PEMs(10~(-2)~10~(-1) S/cm)仅小幅升高。为了有效降低HPA在聚合物基体中的流失率,可以采用聚合物膜"三明治"状包覆复合PEMs、盐化HPA、改性基体或通过第三组分负载HPA以分别在HPA与基体或负载之间形成氢键或静电引力等手段;对于HPA的负载改性,由于陶瓷或聚合物负载在基体中易团簇,相应地HPA在基体中的分散性与掺杂量并未提高。有时采用HPA与吸水性较强的磷酸共掺杂陶瓷基体或负载,以协同提高复合PEMs的cp,然而效果并不显著。以上各种结构的HPA掺杂PEMs通常由溶液浇铸法、自组装法、溶胶-凝胶法及浸润法等制备;不同方法往往相互关联,即制备过程可能涉及两种或3种方法的耦合使用。改性HPA或其负载以显著提高HPA在磺化聚合物基体中的分散性与掺杂量,借此构建全新、高效的质子传输通道形态以实现复合PEMs的超高cp(100S/cm数量级),是今后PEMs技术的重点发展方向之一。     

基于Ⅳ-Ⅵ族化合物的胶体量子点太阳电池研究进展

基于Ⅳ-Ⅵ族化合物的胶体量子点具有易于合成、带隙可调等优点,被认为是一种非常有前途的窄带隙光伏材料。近年来,利用Ⅳ-Ⅵ族化合物制作的胶体量子点太阳电池最高转换效率已经突破10%。介绍了胶体量子点的合成方法、基本结构及其光电特性;着重分析了国内外关于肖特基和异质结胶体量子点太阳电池的研究现状,指出了目前该领域研究中存在的问题和发展趋势,并分析了未来需要重点解决的关键问题。     

钢渣沥青混凝土技术及其应用研究进展

钢渣常被当成工业废弃物处置,但其碱性强、棱角丰富,兼具有优异的力学特性,可以改善沥青混凝土的抗水损害、抗高温变形以及耐磨和抗滑等性能,被认为是可替代天然矿质集料的理想筑路材料。近年来道路建设对集料用量的高需求与天然集料短缺之间的矛盾越来越突出,钢渣沥青混凝土技术因而成为备受关注的热点。概述了钢渣的材料特性以及钢渣沥青混凝土的设计与性能,介绍了钢渣沥青混凝土的实际应用情况,研究了钢渣沥青混凝土长期应用后的路面性能变化,最后对钢渣沥青混凝土未来的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Mg/Fe-LDHO/PES复合膜吸附材料的制备与除氟性能

以层状氢氧化镁铁的焙烧产物(Mg/Fe-LDHO)和聚醚砜(PES)为原料,采用共混法制备了Mg/Fe-LDHO/PES复合膜吸附材料,并研究了其对水中氟离子的吸附性能,考察了初始pH值、初始F-浓度、吸附温度、吸附时间以及共存阴离子等因素对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:在25℃条件下,该复合膜饱和吸附容量为12.34mg/g,能在pH=4~10范围内保持稳定的吸附性能,吸附速率较高,前5min内即可达到平衡吸附容量的75%;低温有利于提高复合膜的吸附性能,吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对复合膜的形貌及结构进行了表征,采用电位滴定法测得复合膜的零电位点pH值(pHpzc)为9.4。     

考虑加/卸载速率影响的Ti-Ni形状记忆合金简化本构模型

系统研究了Ti-Ni形状记忆合金丝(SMA)应力-应变曲线、特征点应力、耗能能力、等效阻尼比随材料直径、应变幅值、加载速率、加载循环次数的变化规律;针对SMA唯象Brinson本构模型无法描述SMA动态力学性能的缺点,结合前述试验结果,提出了一种可考虑加/卸载速率影响的SMA简化本构模型。应用该模型对试验用SMA丝进行模拟,所得应力-应变曲线各特征点平均误差仅为3%,结果表明:所建立的速率相关SMA简化本构模型可较为精确地描述SMA在应力诱发相变过程中的超弹性力学行为,同时可反映加/卸载速率和应变幅值等主要因素对其动力本构模型的影响;该模型结构形式简单,具有较好的工程应用前景。     

热轧工艺对20%B4C/Al复合材料显微组织及缺陷的影响

采用热等静压烧结与热轧相结合的方法制备了20%B_4C/Al(质量分数,下同)复合材料,采用排水法及SEM、EDS等手段研究了热轧工艺(道次变形量、总变形量)对复合材料缺陷及显微组织的影响。研究结果表明,热等静压制备的B_4C/Al复合材料坯体密度可达2.66g/cm3(相对密度100%),B_4C颗粒分布均匀且与Al界面处结合紧密;B_4C/Al复合材料轧制道次变形量应控制在10%以内,进一步增加道次变形量复合材料内出现宏观裂纹。复合材料经热轧后,B_4C颗粒仍分布较为均匀,且与Al基体结合紧密,复合材料内部未观察到明显的显微缺陷。     

墨汁碳纳米粒增强壳聚糖复合膜的制备及性能研究

利用墨汁中碳纳米粒为增强体,以流延法制备墨汁/壳聚糖复合膜。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对复合膜的结构进行了表征,研究不同的墨汁加入量对墨汁/壳聚糖复合膜力学、耐水以及光透过率等性能的影响。结果表明低含量墨汁中碳纳米粒可均匀分散在壳聚糖基体中。与纯壳聚糖膜相比,加入墨汁后的复合膜的力学性能和耐水性能得到了明显的提高。复合膜的光透过率随着复合膜中墨汁含量的增加急剧下降,具有非常优异的光阻隔性能。     

Triethylenetetramine/hydroxyethyl cellulose-functionalized graphene oxide monoliths for the removal of copper and arsenate ions

Nitrogen-doped graphene oxide monoliths (GOMs) were readily constructed by crosslinking graphene oxide (GO) using triethylenetetramine (TETA) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). The addition of HEC was beneficial to the formation of a network structure compared to that in the absence of HEC. The generated monoliths have shown various morphologies with different d spacing, layer thickness, and micropore size. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses provided evidences for the formation of covalent C–N bonds and some nitrogen-containing heterocyclic composition inside the graphene oxide sheet, indicating that the interaction of GO with the amine crosslinker involved the crosslinking reaction between GO epoxides and amine groups. HEC was also involved in the N-doping reaction via the partial reduction of oxygen in HEC molecules. Analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that the lattice distance between GO sheets increased after TETA/HEC crosslinking. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed the successful incorporation of crosslinker moieties on the surface of GO sheets. The fabricated GOMs could be used to efficiently adsorb metal ions and arsenate by the introduced polar functional groups on GO sheets and porous structures based on hydrogen bonds, whose morphologies and compositions were confirmed via XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).     

Web‐Like Interconnected Carbon Networks from NaCl‐Assisted Pyrolysis of ZIF‐8 for Highly Efficient Oxygen Reduction Catalysis

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is under intense research due to its significance in energy storage and conversion processes. Recent studies show that interconnected and hierarchically porous structures can further enhance ORR kinetics as well as catalyst durability, but their preparation can be quite time and/or chemical consuming. Here, a simple approach is reported to prepare such complex structures by pyrolyzing composites containing NaCl and ZIF‐8. The templating effect of molten NaCl connects ZIF‐8 particles into web‐like carbon networks. During ORR activity measurements, it achieves a 0.964 V onset potential and a 38 mV dec^?1 Tafel slope, which are comparable to those of the benchmark Pt/C (0.979 V and 40 mV dec^?1). Due to the metal‐free feature, this catalyst exhibits a 16 mV shift in half‐wave potential after a 10 000‐cycle durability test, which is only 60% of that of Pt/C. The catalyst is also tested in Zn–air batteries and the assemblies are able to work at above 1.2 V for 140 h, which triples the life held by those with Pt/C. This study demonstrates a facile strategy to prepare metal‐free ORR catalysts with interconnectivity and hierarchical porosity, and proves their great potentials in ORR catalysis and Zn–air batteries.