The role of syllables in the perception of spoken Dutch.

Three experiments are reported concerning the role of the syllable in the perception of spoken Dutch. Ss monitored spoken words for the presence of target strings that did or did not correspond to the words' 1st syllable. Effects of syllabic match were obtained for spoken words with unambiguous syllabic structure, as well as for words containing ambisyllabic consonants, which are shared by 2 syllables. For both types of words, monitoring latencies were shorter if the target matched the 1st syllable of the spoken word. Syllable effects were independent of the relation between targets and stem morphemes of the spoken words. Commonalities and differences between these results and those obtained in other languages such as English and French are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Polyesteramides from linseed and soybean oils for protective coatings: Diisocyanate-modified polymers

New polymeric coating materials have been prepared by a triethylenediamine-catalyzed reaction of hydroxyl-terminated polyesteramides (HTPA) from soybean or linseed oils with diisocyanates. Eight dibasic acids or anhydrides were reacted with excess N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) fatty amide to yield HTPA; those containing 10 mole per cent excess gave isocyanate-modified polymers with best overall film properties. Reactivity of four diisocyanates with a linseed-HTPA was measured by disappearance of the isocyanate band in the infrared. Depending on chemical composition, structure and curing conditions, films prepared from these polymers have a wide range of drying characteristics, hardness and chemical resistance. Drying times of linseed HTPA-urethane polymer films varied from 0.3 to 48 hr, hardness values (Sward) were from 4 to 70, alkali resistance ranged from 2 to 126 min and the hydrochloric acid and xylene resistances were good to excellent. Impact resistance exceeded 160 in.-lb for all films except two. The soybean-derived polymer films likewise exhibited a wide range of properties; they chiefly differed from linseed-derived films in having greater flexibility and improved alkali resistance. Presented at American Chemical Society meeting, Chicago, September, 1967.     

Age of obtaining a PhD in psychology.

Article comments on informal discussion among colleagues which yielded the generalization that graduate students in psychology were chronologically younger and had been since the GI students left the universities. Using a sample that was drawn from all odd-numbered pages of the American Psychological Association 1964 Directory, taking the first PhD listed whose biography included the date of birth, the comment author found that the impression that graduate students were chronologically younger in recent years as compared to pre-World-War-II years proved false. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Nucleation and Growth of Diamond Films on Ni-Cemented Tungsten Carbide: Effects of Substrate Pretreatments

The nucleation and growth of diamond films on Nicemented carbide is investigated. Substrates made of WC with 6 wt% of Ni were submitted to grinding, and then to different pretreatments (scratching, etching, and/or decarburization) before diamond deposition. Diamond synthesis was carried out by hot-filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) using a mixture of CH₄ (1% v/v) and H₂. Depositions were performed for different lengths of time with the substrates at various temperatures. The specimens were analyzed before and after deposition by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Raman spectra showed that the phase purity of the diamond films was not affected by the presence of nickel on the substrate surface. After wet etching pretreatments, the nucleation of diamond was enhanced, mainly at the WC grain boundaries. Continuous films were obtained on scratched and etched substrates. The decarburizing treatment led to the formation of metallic tungsten and of brittle nicke–tungsten carbide phases. These phases reacted in the early stages of diamond film formation with gaseous carbon species with a parallel process which competes with stable diamond nucleus formation. The diamond film formed after long-term deposition on these samples was not continuous.     

Polyesteramides from linseed oil for protective coatings low acid-value polymers

Linseed and soybean diethanolamides, from the sodium alkoxide-catalyzed reaction of the corresponding oil with diethanolamine, were used as diols to prepare a series of polyesteramides. The diols and dibasic acids or anhydrides were heated in refluxing xylene until the theoretical amount of water was collected in a trap. Low acid-value linseed polymers were prepared with 10, 20, and 30 mole percent excess diol over the dibasic acid, and the effect of the excess diol on molecular weight, viscosity, and film properties of the polymers was examined. Polyesteramides which contained 10 mole percent excess fatty diethanolamide were made with 11 dibasic acids or anhydrides. The polymers were brown-orange oils with Gardner viscosities of Z7 to >>Z10. Number-average molecular weights ranged from 2,200 to 5,200. Data on drying characteristics, hardness, and chemical resistance of films were obtained. The better polymers air-dried rapidly to give hard, glossy films (Sward rocker 20–60). Films baked at 190C for 10 min were softer than the corresponding air-dried films. Xylene resistance of soybean and linseed polymer films was generally excellent, and alkali resistance was moderate. Soybean films showed the better alkali resistance. Presented at Division of Organic Coatings and Plastics Chemistry, 153rd ACS meeting, Miami Beach, Fla., April 1967. No. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Effects of Ti- and Zr-based interlayer coatings on hot-filament chemical vapor deposition of diamond on high-speed steel

The prospect of obtaining good adhesion of diamond films onto steel substrates is highly exciting because the achievement of this objective will open up numerous new applications in industry. However, a major problem with depositing diamond onto steel is high diffusion of carbon into steel at chemical vapor deposition (CVD) temperatures leading to a very low nucleation density and cementite (Fe₃C) formation. Therefore, the study of the nucleation and growth processes is timely and will yield data that can be utilized to get a better understanding of how adhesion can be improved. This work focuses on the adhesion of thin diamond films onto high speed steel previously coated with various interlayers such as ZrN, ZrC, TiC, and TiC/Ti(C,N)/TiN. The role of seeding on nucleation density and the effect of diamond film thickness on stress development and adhesion has been investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy (RS). The main emphasis in this study lies with TiC, which for the first time proved to be a suitable layer for diamond CVD on high-speed steel (HSS). In fact, different from other interlayer materials investigated, no delamination was observed after 3 h of CVD at 650 °C when TiC was used. Nevertheless, the increase of diamond film thickness on TiC-coated HSS substrates led to delamination of small areas. This occurrence suggests that there was a distribution of adhesive toughness values at the diamond/TiC interface with the stress development being dependent on film thickness. This paper was presented at the fourth International Surface Engineering Congress and Exposition held August 1–3, 2005 in St. Paul, MN.     

Force and specific energy in stone cutting by diamond mill

Cutting force and energy are often used as parameters for monitoring the stone cutting process. Empirical models are required to guide the selection of cutting conditions. In this paper, the effect of cutting conditions on cutting force and energy are reviewed. The effects of cutting conditions on cutting force and cutting energy are related to the shape of the idealized chip thickness. The empirical models developed in this paper can be used to predict the variation of the cutting energy. Therefore, the models can be used to guide the selection of cutting conditions. The chip generation and removal process has been quantified with the intention of assisting both the toolmaker and the stonemason in optimising the tool composition and cutting process parameters, respectively.     

The estimation of the diameter error in bar turning: a comparison among three cutting force models

Machining accuracy is considerably affected by the deflection of the machine-tool-workpiece system under the action of the cutting force. A new model to estimate a bar diameter error due to the deflection of the tool, of the workpiece-holder and of the workpiece was defined by the authors, starting from a cutting force model. This work deals with a comparison among the bar diameter errors that are calculated by means of the developed model involving three different cutting force models. The considered cutting force models were the specific cutting resistance, the Kronenberg cutting force and the unified-generalised mechanics of the cutting force model developed by Armarego. The numerical results were compared with those obtained by experimental tests carried out through a parallel lathe. The results show that the Armarego's cutting force model provides values of the force components and, therefore, the values of the resulting bar diameter errors are closest to the experimental ones.Nomenclature a The longitudinal position of the tool, [mm] - a_pn The nominal depth of cut, [mm] - a_p The real depth of cut, [mm] - b The width of area of cut, [mm] - A The tool-workpiece interference area of cut, [mm²] - AB The generalised cutting edge vector - A_r The area of the workpiece cross section, [mm²] - c_s The spindle compliance, [mm/N] - c_t The tailstock compliance, [mm/N] - c_tht The tangential toolholder compliance, [mm/N] - c_thr The radial toolholder compliance, [mm/N] - D The workpiece diameter, [mm] - E The modulus of elasticity, [N/mm²] - f The feed, [mm/r] - F_rad The radial component of the cutting force, [N] - F_feed The feed component of the cutting force, [N] - F_{tan g} The tangential component of the cutting force, [N] - F_i The resultant of F_feed and F_{tan g}, [N] - G The shear modulus, [N/m²] - h The thickness of the area of the cut, [mm] - I The workpiece moment of inertia, [mm⁴] - L The workpiece length, [mm] - P_i The plane containing the inflected curve of the workpiece - P_f The tool assumed working plane - P_n The cutting edge normal plane - P_nG The generalised cutting edge normal plane - P_r The tool reference plane - r_l The chip length ratio - R The workpiece radius, [mm] - R_b The tailstock reaction force, [N] - R_s The spindle reaction force, [N] - S The shape factor - v_c The cutting speed, [mm/min] - v_e The resultant cutting speed, [mm/min] - v_f The feed speed, [mm/min] - v_ch The chip speed, [mm/min] - v_sh The shear speed, [mm/min] - w(z) The total deflection of the workpiece axis, [mm] - w_a The total displacement of the workpiece axis from z reference axis measured in P_i plane, [mm] - (z) The orientation of P_i with respect to F_rad and F_{tan g}, [degree] - The friction angle, [degree] - _n The normal friction angle, [degree] - _nG The generalised normal friction angle, [degree] - The shear factor - _n The normal shear angle, [degree] - _NG The generalised normal shear angle, [degree] - _f The tool side angle, [degree] - _n The tool normal rake angle, [degree] - _nG The generalised tool normal rake, [degree] - _P The tool back angle, [degree] - _c The chip flow angle, [degree] - _cG The generalised chip flow angle, [degree] - _r The tool cutting edge angle, [degree] - _rG The generalised tool cutting edge angle, [degree] - _s1 The tool cutting edge inclination, [degree] - _s2 The inclination of the secondary tool cutting edge [degree] - _sG The generalised tool cutting edge inclination, [degree] - The friction coefficient - The work material shear stress, [MPa] - _r The tool approach angle, [degree] - The approach angle of the secondary cutting edge, [degree]     

Computerized dynamic testing of children's potential for reasoning by analogy: The role of executive functioning

This study aimed to investigate children's potential for reasoning by analogy utilizing a newly-developed computerized dynamic test, and the potential differential influence of executive functions (cognitive flexibility, attention, and planning) on static and dynamic measures of analogical reasoning. Participants included 64 children (mean age = 7.55). The study employed a two-session experimental test-training-test design. Based on randomized blocking, half of the children received a graduated prompts training between pre-test and post-test, and the other half did not. Trained children improved more than control children in both their accuracy scores and number of accurately applied transformations from pre-test to post-test. It was further found that cognitive flexibility, attention and planning, is associated with successful solving of analogies. Training children in analogical reasoning seemed to reduce the effect of executive functions. It was also found that that children who were more cognitively flexible needed more prompts during the training.