Recognizing identical versus similar categorically related common objects: Further evidence for degraded gist representations in amnesia.

Studies have shown lower false recognition of semantically related lure words in patients with global amnesia than in matched controls. This pattern has been interpreted as suggesting that medial temporal and diencephalic structures that are damaged in amnesia and that contribute to veridical memory also contribute to false recognition. It has been argued that whereas controls form and retain a well-organized representation of the semantic gist of studied items, patients with amnesia can retain only a degraded gist representation. However, these studies are subject to an alternative interpretation involving greater source confusions in controls. The authors used a categorized-pictures paradigm to test recognition under conditions in which source confusions were unlikely to occur. Relative to controls, patients with amnesia showed reduced false recognition of categorically related pictorial lures, thereby supporting the notion of degraded gist representations in amnesia. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

环氧化天然橡胶增容白炭黑补强胎面胶的研究

正白炭黑和炭黑为广泛用于橡胶中的补强填料。由于白炭黑和炭黑表面特征不相同,它们虽然都容易形成聚集体,但形成聚集体的原因却不相同,导致它们的分散能力不相同。炭黑-炭黑相互作用主要是由范德华作用力引起的,其在混炼过程中容易被破坏。白炭黑聚集体是由氢键、范德华作用力和其他物理作用力共同作用形成的更强的填料-填料相互作用。白炭黑表面的硅烷醇     

Effect of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on the Properties of EPDM/NBR Dissimilar Elastomer Blends

In the presence of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), polar nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) and nonpolar ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) blends were prepared following a melt mixing method. For the preparation of MWCNT filled EPDM/NBR blends, two mixing methods were used: direct mixing and the masterbatch dilution method. Various physical, mechanical, and morphological properties are explored to elucidate the dispersion behavior of MWCNTs. It was concluded that the preparation method influences the dispersion of the nanotubes in different rubber phases and the properties of these blends are controlled by the degree of dispersion of the nanotubes in the two phases.     

Mechanistic aspects of silane coupling agents with different functionalities on reinforcement of silica‐filled natural rubber compounds

Silane coupling agents containing different specific functionalities are studied to gain understanding of their roles in silica‐filled natural rubber (NR) compounds. Five different silane coupling agents, that is bis‐(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT), bis‐(triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide (TESPD), octyltriethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, and bis‐(trimethyl‐silylmethyl) tetrasulfide (TMSMT), are comparatively investigated, by taking the most commonly used TESPT as a reference. The results reveal that alkoxy‐based silanes can effectively reduce the filler–filler interaction and lower compound viscosity owing to the effect of silane‐to‐silica hydrophobation which contributes to better compatibility between silica and NR. The alkoxy‐silanes with a sulfur moiety, that is TESPT and TESPD, show more pronounced improvement in overall properties as a result of filler–rubber interactions. The use of TMSMT which has no alkoxy groups but contains only a sulfur moiety elucidates that there are three reaction mechanisms involved in systems with sulfur‐alkoxy‐based silane. These are as follows: (1) the silane‐to‐silica or silanization/hydrophobation reaction; (2) the silane‐to‐rubber or coupling reaction; and (3) rubber–rubber crosslinking originating from active sulfur released by the polysulfide‐based silane TESPT. These simultaneous reactions are temperature dependent, and show an optimum level at a dump temperature of approximately 140–150°C, as depicted by filler–filler and filler–rubber interactions, as well as mechanical properties of such compounds. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:836–842, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Synthesis and Evaluation of Hybrid Structures Composed of Two Glucosylceramide Synthase Inhibitors

Glucosylceramide metabolism and the enzymes involved have attracted significant interest in medicinal chemistry, because aberrations in the levels of glycolipids that are derived from glucosylceramide are causative in a range of human diseases including lysosomal storage disorders, type 2 diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Selective modulation of one of the glycoprocessing enzymes involved in glucosylceramide metabolism—glucosylceramide synthase (GCS), acid glucosylceramidase (GBA1), or neutral glucosylceramidase (GBA2)—is therefore an attractive research objective. In this study we took two established GCS inhibitors, one based on deoxynojirimycin and the other a ceramide analogue, and merged characteristic features to obtain hybrid compounds. The resulting 39‐compound library does not contain new GCS inhibitors; however, a potent (200 nm ) GBA1 inhibitor was identified that has little activity toward GBA2 and might therefore serve as a lead for further biomedical development as a selective GBA1 modulator.     

The challenge of diversity in modern psychoanalysis.

The articles in this special section have pointed to the need for reexamination of theory and technique, if psychoanalytic treatment is to remain relevant for diverse patient groups. Some clinical assumptions, including both theories of psychosexual development and theories of object relations, and some assumptions as to mutative factors and therapeutic goals, are culture bound in unacknowledged ways. A modern psychological theory of psychic organization and psychic change is needed to account for common factors in the psychoanalytic approach that apply across cultures to enable specific applications for particular patient groups and to serve as a framework for research. The issues of diversity raise a challenge for psychoanalysis but also offer an opportunity to revitalize the field. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Topics and signs: Defensive control of emotional expression.

This single-case study examined frank disclosure of important topics in a brief exploratory psychotherapy, including topics closely related to a recent, unintegrated stressor life event. Quantitative measures of emotion and control variables showed heightened levels of both emotionality and defensive control during discourse on the topic of the stressor event. In future studies, such measures of verbal and nonverbal signs of emotional expression and defensive control might be used to identify topics in an unresolved state. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Positional isomers formed during the hydrogenation of methyl linoleate under various conditions

Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society -     

Effect of composition and polymorphic form on the hardness of fats

Summary Hardness is an important index in the performance of confectionery and other fats. Using an instrument and technique which were essentially a modification of those used in the Brinell test as applied to metals, the effect of composition and polymorphic form on the hardness of fats was investigated. It was found that the hardness of a given sample of fat was influenced by the degree of tempering to which the sample had been subjected. Hardness always increased as the components of a fat were converted to higher-melting polymorphs. However the hardest test specimens were not obtained with the highest tempering temperatures. Presumably the use of too high a temperature in tempering melted some of the lowermelting polymorphs and allowed them to resolidify in larger crystals producing a softer matrix. Adding progressively larger amounts of one fat to another generally increased or decreased the hardness of the mixture in a more or less uniform manner. Adding small amounts of liquid oil to a hard fat greatly decreased the hardness index. Apparently the hardness index of a given fat decreases as the crystal size increases. It is believed that fats containing a sizable proportion of liquid component will become softer on prolonged storage because the presence of the liquid component makes possible a gradual increase in crystal size. Presented at the 50th Annual Meeting, American Oil Chemists' Society, New Orleans, La., April 20–22, 1959. One of the laboratories of the Southern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.