ALUM SHALE BITUMEN MATURATION AND MIGRATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR GOTLAND'S OIL

Thermal maturation of Swedish Alum Shale kerogen and bitumen has been determined from core samples from Eastern and Central Sweden. In samples from Eastern Sweden (Öland and Gotland), the kerogen and bitumen are thermally immature with respect to petroleum generation. In some areas of Central Sweden (Närke, ÖstergÖtland, and Kinnekulle in VästergÖtland), the kerogen is immature, whereas the bitumen is marginally mature to mature. In other areas of Central Sweden (Halleberg-Hunneberg in VästergÖtland), the kerogen is supermature and the bitumen mature. This suggests that bitumen from a mature source-rock has migrated into the Alum Shales of Central Sweden. Migration in Central Sweden is further evidenced by the occurrence of obviously-migrated bituments in vugs and voids in the organicpoor Ordovician limestone overlying the Alum Shale in Central Sweden, and in concretions within the Alum Shale itself. Based on biomarker distributions of extracted bitumen, Alum Shale kerogen pyrolysate and obviously-migrated oils, and the fact that the Alum Shale in most of the areas studied is the only petroleum source-rock extant, it is suggested that the migrated bitumen in Central Sweden is from the Alum Shale itself. Bitumen has migrated from areas where the Alum Shale is in close proxmity to Permo-Carboniferous intrusions, such as Halleberg-Hunneberg, into nearby areas such as Närke and ÖstergÖtland, where there is no evidence of intrusion and the indigenous organic matter is thermally immature. Other areas, where Alum Shales were associated with intrusions and consequently sourced oil, may have been eroded away. There are producing wells on the island of Gotland, where the Alum Shale is also thermally immature. It is therefore assumed that heating which was responsible for generating Gotland's oil was very localized (such as by an intrusion) or that the oil has migrated from a thermally moremature, distant area. On the basis of reservoir rock porosity, and the fact that the Alum Shale of Gotland contains no migrated component, localized heating is favored.     

TEM study of PLZT ceramics

The microscopic structures of PLZT(7.9/70/30 and x/65/35, x = 7 or 8) ceramics were studied by means of transmission electron microscopy. The presence of micro-regions in PLZTs was first verfied.     

An empirical formula for the prediction of rain attenuation infrequency range 0.6 - 100 GHz

An empirical formula for calculating the extinction cross section (ECS) by raindrops over a broad frequency range is first derived based on extensive calculations made on a widely varying in mean radius of modified Pruppacher and Pitter (MPP) raindrop models ranging from 0.25 to 3.5 mm. The expansion coefficients in the empirical formula are determined by least-squares curve fitting of numerical data obtained by the volume integral equation formulation (VIEF). The formula satisfies the frequency and raindrop size dependence. Numerical results obtained from the empirical formula for calculating the ECS are generally in good agreement with those calculated by the VIEF for raindrops with mean radius varying from 0.25 to 3.5 mm in the frequency range from 0.6 to 100 GHz. The average error in the ECS is less than 10%. The formula thus provides a simple and inexpensive method for calculating the ECS of raindrops, which otherwise requires complicated and expensive methods of calculation. By implementing this empirical formula of ECS into the rain attenuation equation, a new numerically empirical formula for calculating the specific rain attenuation is also proposed. The validity of the empirical formula for calculating the specific rain attenuation is also checked by comparing the obtained results of specific rain attenuation with those obtained from Li et al.'s (1995) solution, Yeo et al.'s (1993) measurement, and Olsen et al.'s (1978) power-law equation     

Direct analysis of transient stability: Experience with the Taipower system

A direct method for transient stability analysis of a multimachine power system is presented. Emphasis is placed on the detailed development and evaluation of the proposed method in transient stability assessment. An energy-type Lyapunov function, taking into account the effect of transfer conductance, is introduced first. The potential energy boundary surface method is then adopted to determine the critical energy value quickly. The main computational burden in the direct method lies in the reduction of the admittance matrices. In this paper, an efficient reduction technique incorporating the sparsity technique and compensation theory is developed. Finally, the proposed method was tested on the Taipower system, which is the only power system in Taiwan. The results obtained confirm the validity and accuracy of the proposed method, and hence demonstrate the superiority and potential of the direct method in real power system applications.     

FM subcarrier fiber optical transmission system design and itsapplication in next-generation wireless access

This paper presents a design method of optical frequency modulation (FM) subcarrier (with super carrier) transmission modem. The nonideal link characteristics, including laser chirping, fiber dispersion, voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) phase noise, relative intensity noise (RIN), and equivalent network model of laser diode of such a system that may bring about signal distortion are discussed first. We then propose a hierarchical methods to establish the system equivalent model. Finally this FM modem is applied to a GSM wireless system, in which multichannel signals are transmitted over fiber between radio port and basestation, and system performance is appraised by its dynamic range. It is found that optical FM subcarrier (with super carrier) transmission technique can improve the system dynamic range, compared with the intensity modulated direct detection (IMDD) method, and this is a economical and efficient method     

Design optimization with static and dynamic displacement constraints

A design optimization procedure using a sequential linear programming technique is proposed in this paper to design minimum weight structures subjected to frequency response and static displacement constraints. The merit of the proposed approach is that the reanalyses of the static and dynamic responses, as well as the computations of the static and dynamic sensitivity data, are performed in a reduced approximate model. A significant saving of computer time for large scale structures is expected. Two numerical examples show good results of this method.     

STUDY ON RESIDUES OF ~（14）C－FENITROTHION IN MODEL RICE－FISH ECOSYSTEM AND FIELD RICE－FISH ECOSYSTEM

ＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＲＥＳＩＤＵＥＳＯＦ~（１４）Ｃ－ＦＥＮＩＴＲＯＴＨＩＯＮＩＮＭＯＤＥＬＲＩＣＥ－ＦＩＳＨＥＣＯＳＹＳＴＥＭＡＮＤＦＩＥＬＤＲＩＣＥ－ＦＩＳＨＥＣＯＳＹＳＴＥＭＺｈａｎｇＺｈｏｎｇｌｉａｎｇ（张仲良）；ＷａｎｇＨｕａｘｉｎ（王化新）；Ｇ?..     

Protocol design and performance analysis for manufacturing messagespecification: A Petri net approach

The manufacturing message specification (MMS) is the ISO standard communication protocol specific to manufacturing. To analyze MMS design and performance, service unit automats are introduced to represent individual MMS services, while service connection Petri Nets (PNs) are constructed from these automats to describe MMS service connections and processes. This approach makes MMS protocol specification and analysis possible in terms of well-developed concepts and methods in PN theory. It leads to a distributed and hierarchical model of MMS software system by integrating service connection PNs. A generalized stochastic PN for MMS performance evaluation is obtained by incorporating service parameters and time factors into the model. A technique based on T-invariants is used to simplify the performance analysis     

Suppression of boron penetration in p+ polysilicon gateP-MOSFETs using low-temperature gate-oxide N2O anneal

It has been reported that high-temperature (~1100°C) N₂ O-annealed oxide can block boron penetration from poly-Si gates to the silicon substrate. However, this high-temperature step may be inappropriate for the low thermal budgets required of deep-submicron ULSI MOSFETs. Low-temperature (900~950°C) N₂O-annealed gate oxide is also a good barrier to boron penetration. For the first time, the change in channel doping profile due to compensation of arsenic and boron ionized impurities was resolved using MOS C-V measurement techniques. It was found that the higher the nitrogen concentration incorporated at Si/SiO₂ interface, the more effective is the suppression of boron penetration. The experimental results also suggest that, for 60~110 Å gate oxides, a certain amount of nitrogen (~2.2%) incorporated near the Si/SiO₂ interface is essential to effectively prevent boron diffusing into the underlying silicon substrate     

Enhancement of oxide break-up by implantation of fluorine inpoly-Si emitter contacted p+-n shallow junctionformation

In this study, it is demonstrated that the incorporation of fluorine can enhance poly-Si/Si interfacial oxide break-up in the poly-Si emitter contacted p⁺-n shallow junction formation. The annealing temperature for breaking up the poly-Si/Si interfacial oxide has been found to be as low as 900°C. As a result, the junction depth of the BF₂-implanted device is much larger than that of the boron-implanted device