芦苇占优势农田溪流营养盐滞留的水文和生物贡献分析

为解析大型水生植物大量生长情形的源头溪流营养盐滞留的水文、生物作用贡献,于2014年9月—2015年6月在南淝河流域某一芦苇占显著优势的农田源头溪流段,开展8次野外示踪实验,计算渠段雷诺数Re、弗劳德数Fr、曼宁糙率系数n等水动力学参数,估算NH4+、PO43-的总滞留率以及水文、生物过程的实际滞留贡献率和相对滞留贡献率。结果表明,整个研究期间溪流水体表现出显著的紊流特征,水流流态属于缓流类型,渠道曼宁糙率系数n变化范围为0.066~0.112,平均值为0.089;NH4+总滞留损失率变化范围为9.17%~28.27%,平均值为14.68%,水文作用和生物过程对NH4+实际滞留贡献率平均值分别为10.12%和4.57%,相对贡献率平均值分别为72.51%和27.49%,表明NH4+滞留损失主要来自水文过程的影响;PO43-总滞留损失率变化范围为5.75%~17.79%,平均值为12.53%,水文作用和生物过程对PO43-实际滞留贡献率平均值分别为10.12%和2.41%,相对贡献率平均值分别为81.42%和18.58%,表明PO43-滞留损失也主要来自水文因素的影响;n与Re、Fr和Q均呈显著的幂函数关系,而实际滞留率ηNH4、ηPO4与n、Re之间均没有表现出明显的相关关系。     

Laser-Induced Graphene Assisting Self-Conversion Reaction for Sulfur-Free Aqueous Cu-S Battery

In aqueous/nonaqueous metal-sulfur batteries, sulfur-based redox couple exhibits significant challenges mainly due to its low electrochemical kinetics, potential shuttle effect, and large volume change. Although massive researches have been conducted to optimize or replace metal anode and cathode composite, major challenges caused by the dependency on sulfur-based redox couple still remain. In this study, a novel redox couple of CuS/Cu₂S, which provides the same theoretical capacity (based on conventional S/S²⁻ redox couple) by changing the valence of ion charge carrier, is proposed. For achieving high reversibility, commercially viable laser-induced graphene (LIG) is fabricated and used for the first time in aqueous metal-sulfur batteries. By virtue of the synergism between novel redox couple and LIG, aqueous CuS/Cu₂S battery delivers a highly reversible capacity of 1654.9 mAh g⁻¹ in the initial cycle and retains 91.2% with 1509.5 mAh g⁻¹ after 328 cycles. When being cycled at 2.8 A g⁻¹, its reversible capacity still retains 92.1% after 410 cycles. This study provides a new choice by using a sulfur-free redox couple from screening thermodynamic parameters and analyzes the functional mechanism of LIG by density functional theory, aiming to innovate the energy storage mechanism of aqueous metal-sulfur batteries.     

机器学习技术在材料科学领域中的应用进展

材料是国民经济的基础,新材料的发现是推动现代科学发展与技术革新的源动力之一,传统的实验"试错型"研究方法具有成本高、周期长和存在偶然性等特点,难以满足现代材料的研究需求.近些年,随着人工智能和数据驱动技术的飞速发展,机器学习作为其主要分支和重要工具,受到的关注日益增加,并在各学科领域展现出巨大的应用潜力.将机器学习技术与材料科学研究相结合,从大量实验与计算模拟产生的数据中挖掘信息,具有精度高、效率高等优势,给新材料的研发和材料基础理论的研究提供了新的契机.机器学习技术结合了计算机科学、概率论、统计学、数据库理论以及工程学等知识,计算速度快、泛化能力强,能有效地处理一些难以运用传统实验及模拟计算方法解决的体系和问题.近10年,机器学习在材料科学研究中的应用呈现出爆炸式的增长,尤其在新材料的合成设计、性能预测、材料微观结构深入表征以及改进材料计算模拟方法几个方面,均有着出色的表现.当然,作为一项数据驱动技术,如何获取大量实验数据并将其构建为行之有效的数据集仍是现阶段机器学习技术在材料科学领域应用的热点和难点.本文概述了机器学习技术的基本原理、主要工作流程和常用算法,简述了机器学习技术在材料科学领域中的研究重心及应用进展,分析了机器学习在材料学研究中尚存在的问题,并对未来此领域的发展热点进行了展望.     

生物基可降解餐具中15种芳香胺迁移研究

目的 研究可生物降解餐具中15种初级芳香胺(Primary aromatic amines,PAAs)的迁移行为。方法 制备4种不同的食品模拟液用于迁移实验,基于超高效液相色谱−串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)技术进行定性定量分析,检测PAAs从可生物降解餐具到不同食品基质中的迁移量。结果 UPLC-MS/MS的总运行时间为12 min,15种PAAs可以在7 min内分离。不同PAAs的检出限和定量限分别为0.2~3.0 μg/kg和0.5~9.9 μg/kg范围内,符合标准要求(10 μg/kg)。除1,5−二氨基萘和2,4−二甲基苯胺外,从可生物降解餐具迁移到不同食物基质的大多数PAAs的迁移浓度均小于最大残留限值。结论 在使用过程中,可生物降解餐具内部的PAAs会迁移到食品基质中,对消费者的健康存在潜在危害。采用所建立的方法对可生物降解餐具中的PAAs迁移量进行检测,为降低食品安全风险提供技术支撑。     

Over 12% Efficiency Nonfullerene All‐Small‐Molecule Organic Solar Cells with Sequentially Evolved Multilength Scale Morphologies

In this paper, two near‐infrared absorbing molecules are successfully incorporated into nonfullerene‐based small‐molecule organic solar cells (NFSM‐OSCs) to achieve a very high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.08%. This is achieved by tuning the sequentially evolved crystalline morphology through combined solvent additive and solvent vapor annealing, which mainly work on ZnP‐TBO and 6TIC, respectively. It not only helps improve the crystallinity of the ZnP‐TBO and 6TIC blend, but also forms multilength scale morphology to enhance charge mobility and charge extraction. Moreover, it simultaneously reduces the nongeminate recombination by effective charge delocalization. The resultant device performance shows remarkably enhanced fill factor and J_sc. These result in a very respectable PCE, which is the highest among all NFSM‐OSCs and all small‐molecule binary solar cells reported so far.     

Lead‐Free Halide Rb2CuBr3 as Sensitive X‐Ray Scintillator

Scintillators are widely utilized for radiation detections in many fields, such as nondestructive inspection, medical imaging, and space exploration. Lead halide perovskite scintillators have recently received extensive research attention owing to their tunable emission wavelength, low detection limit, and ease of fabrication. However, the low light yields toward X‐ray irradiation and the lead toxicity of these perovskites severely restricts their practical application. A novel lead‐free halide is presented, namely Rb₂CuBr₃, as a scintillator with exceptionally high light yield. Rb₂CuBr₃ exhibits a 1D crystal structure and enjoys strong carrier confinement and near‐unity photoluminescence quantum yield (98.6%) in violet emission. The high photoluminescence quantum yield combined with negligible self‐absorption from self‐trapped exciton emission and strong X‐ray absorption capability enables a record high light yield of ≈91056 photons per MeV among perovskite and relative scintillators. Overall, Rb₂CuBr₃ provides nontoxicity, high radioluminescence intensity, and good stability, thus laying good foundations for potential application in low‐dose radiography.     

Hot‐Pressed CsPbBr3 Quasi‐Monocrystalline Film for Sensitive Direct X‐ray Detection

An X‐ray detector with high sensitivity would be able to increase the generated signal and reduce the dose rate; thus, this type of detector is beneficial for applications such as medical imaging and product inspection. The inorganic lead halide perovskite CsPbBr₃ possesses relatively larger density and a higher atomic number in contrast to its hybrid counterpart. Therefore, it is expected to provide high detection sensitivity for X‐rays; however, it has rarely been studied as a direct X‐ray detector. Here, a hot‐pressing method is employed to fabricate thick quasi‐monocrystalline CsPbBr₃ films, and a record sensitivity of 55 684 µC Gy_air^?1 cm^?2 is achieved, surpassing all other X‐ray detectors (direct and indirect). The hot‐pressing method is simple and produces thick quasi‐monocrystalline CsPbBr₃ films with uniform orientations. The high crystalline quality of the CsPbBr₃ films and the formation of self‐formed shallow bromide vacancy defects during the high‐temperature process result in a large µτ product and, therefore, a high photoconductivity gain factor and high detection sensitivity. The detectors also exhibit relatively fast response speed, negligible baseline drift, and good stability, making a CsPbBr₃ X‐ray detector extremely competitive for high‐contrast X‐ray detections.     

无线传感器网络的数据安全与隐私保护

从数据隐私保护的角度研究了无线传感器网络(WSN)的数据安全问题,探讨了传感器节点可能面临的数据安全与隐私威胁,分析了无线传感器网络数据隐私保护的相关技术.     

面向脑血管物联网电子健康平台的分割及重构关键技术研究

在物联网应用中,脑血管诊疗的电子健康平台可以很好地实现脑血管健康异地保健和远程医疗的要求.设计实现了脑血管诊疗的物联网e-health平台层次结构.面对物联网平台网络的普及化应用要求,提出并实现了基于统计模型的脑血管无人工干预分割算法;面向物联网平台组件之间的快速和高可靠性数据传输特点,提出并实现了基于球B样条三维重构模型.基于双高斯模型的脑血管统计分割模型融合改进的SEM算法,无需人工设定初始轮廓、高维进化函数和进化终止条件.脑血管在脑组织中所占比例较低(＜5％),成像灰度不均匀,形态复杂且个体差异性大,该方法可获得良好的分割效果.球B样条模型具有严格的数学基础、较小的数据规模、平稳的光滑连续性和良好的交互性,非常适宜在物联网平台上传输.在上述关键技术的基础上,研究实现了光线投射法的GPU CUDA的并行加速体绘制及三维虚拟环境下脑血管的交互漫游和自主漫游.系统可实现脑血管疾病的诊断、医疗方案的制定和治疗过程中的监测以及脑血管疾病的教学和培训.相关研究为物联网平台下精细组织电子健康发展作出了有益的尝试.