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11.
Motonobu Yoshikawa Hiroshi Nakajima Takeshi Inada Yasushi Harada Masahiko Amano Yuji Nakata 《Electrical Engineering in Japan》1995,115(7):29-39
A new practical method is proposed which gives a quasi-optimal solution of the dynamic load-dispatching problem formulated by a multiconstraint multiobjective optimization problem. Here, the multiple constraints are rate reserve constraints and power flow ones, and the multiple objectives are fuel cost and CO2 emission. The proposed method is an integration of the following three techniques: (1) “Group Dispatch Scheme,” which is developed by the authors, is used to satisfy a violated constraint easily. This scheme consists of three steps. The first step is to classify all generators into two groups. One is the group which should be more loaded to satisfy the violated constraint, and the other is the should-be less loaded group. The second step is to add some load to the former group, and to subtract the same load from the latter. The third step is to dispatch each group load to each groups generators, respectively; (2) the dynamic load-dispatching algorithm is used which provides, in practical time, quasi-optimal generation trajectories; (3) the conventional weighting parametric method is used to obtain a Pareto optimal solution of multiobjective problems. The effectiveness of the method is clarified by a computer simulation on the actual power system of Kansai Electric Power Company. 相似文献
12.
The setup and deposition conditions of electrode arrangement and pressure have been studied to synthesize diamond films at high growth rate on wide area efficiently by arc discharge plasma jet chemical vapor deposition. An apparatus has been used in which four plasma torches, one is used for cathode and the others for divided anodes, are arranged and the positions of these torches are changeable. Growth rate, deposition area and thickness of diamond films have increased with changing the electrode arrangements without improvement of thickness variation. Maximum growth rate of our apparatus has occurred at the pressure of 6.7 kPa and diamond films that have less variations of quality and surface roughness have been synthesized at lower pressure during deposition. Moreover, a high conversion rate, which is the ratio of carbon atoms that form diamond in supplied methane gas, of 16% has been obtained at the pressure of 6.7 kPa and methane concentration of 2%. 相似文献
13.
Continuous emulsion polymerizations of vinyl acetate were conducted at 50°C in a single continuous Couette–Taylor vortex flow reactor (CCTVFR) using sodium lauryl sulfate as emulsifier and potassium persulfate as initiator. The polymerization can be carried out very smoothly and stably, but the steady‐state monomer conversion attained in a CCTVFR is not as high as that in a plug flow reactor (PFR), but only slightly higher than that in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), even if the Taylor number is adjusted to an optimum value. Also, the effects of operating variables, such as the emulsifier, initiator, and monomer concentrations in the feed and the mean residence time on the kinetic behaviors were almost the same as those observed in a CSTR. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2755–2762, 2002 相似文献
14.
Shoko Yoshikawa Toshitaka Ota Robert Newnham Ahmed Amin 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1990,73(2):263-267
Composite materials composed of randomly dispersed semiconducting ceramic particles in an insulating polymer matrix show a pronounced change in resistivity with pressure. Different amounts of iron oxide (Fe3 O4 ) powder and antimony-doped tin oxide (SnO2 :Sb) powder were dispersed in an epoxy polymer matrix to form pressure-sensitive composites. In each family of materials, an insulator-to-semiconductor transition is observed in agreement with percolation theory. Composites within a certain range of filler content showed substantial piezoresistive effect under both uniaxial and hydrostatic pressure in which sensitivity is controlled by the choice of filler material and the volume fraction. The effect of temperature on the piezoresistance effect was also examined. Piezoresistors made from Fe3 O4 composites showed larger temperature changes than those filled with Sb-doped SnO2 . 相似文献
15.
Takatoshi Yamada Purayath Robert Vinod Doo-Sup Hwang Hiromichi Yoshikawa Shin-ichi Shikata Naoji Fujimori 《Diamond and Related Materials》2005,14(11-12):2047
This paper describes a self-aligned fabrication process for diamond gated field emitter array (FEA). Utilizing the non-conformal coverage sputtering conditions of silicon oxide, an interesting “sphere on cone” structure is formed on diamond nano tip array, which is the key point of gate hole opening process. This structure causes shadowing at certain regions of side-wall during Ti / Au gate metal deposition. Removal of “sphere” by wet etching leads to the successful fabrication of a single crystalline diamond gated FEA. Scanning electron microscope observations reveal the fabrication of a uniform emitter array with tip radius of curvature (20 nm) and gate hole (1.4 μm). We also confirmed that no noticeable physical damage exists on tip. In field emission characteristics of the fabricated single crystal diamond gated FEA, gate voltage control of field emission current is realized. 相似文献
16.
Styrene was grafted onto cellulose acetate p-nitrobenzoate (CANB) by chain transfer reaction of growing polymer radicals to the pendant nitro groups of CANB. A copolymer with a branch for every 17.2 nitro groups was obtained. This result indicates that the pendant aromatic nitro group is more effective in obtaining a graft copolymer by radical mechanism than pendant double bond on the trunk polymer previously reported, where graft copolymers with a branch for several hundred of double bonds are produced. 相似文献
17.
For the effective control of Al introduction to solidified Si during the solidification refining of Si with the Si–Al-based melt for the solar cell material or the LPE Si film growth processes from the Si–Cu–Al solvent, thermodynamic properties of the Si–Al–Cu melt were investigated at 1273 and 1373 K. Activities of Al and Cu in the Si–Al–Cu melt were measured by the equilibration with molten Pb. Also, the excess Gibbs energy of the melt was studied by the ternary regular solution model.
The evaluated thermodynamic properties of the Si–Al–Cu melt indicated that Cu addition to the Si–Al melt brings the smaller activity coefficient of Al and is effective for reducing the Al content of solidified Si from the melt more effectively than its dilution effect for Al. 相似文献
18.
In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of a semantic smoothing technique to organize folksonomy tags. Folksonomy tags
have no explicit relations and vary because they form uncontrolled vocabulary. We discriminates so-called subjective tags
like “cool” and “fun” from folksonomy tags without any extra knowledge other than folksonomy triples and use the level of
tag generalization to form the objective tags into a hierarchy. We verify that entropy of folksonomy tags is an effective
measure for discriminating subjective folksonomy tags. Our hierarchical tag allocation method guarantees the number of children
nodes and increases the number of available paths to a target node compared to an existing tree allocation method for folksonomy
tags. 相似文献
19.
A circularly polarized, monochromatic laser beam is focused into a Raman cell, which contains hydrogen to generate rotational stimulated Raman emission. After linear polarization, this two-color (separated by 587 cm(-1)) laser beam is focused several times into a second Raman cell that is filled with hydrogen to generate a multifrequency laser emission. Many rotational and vibrational lines are generated efficiently by this multipass effect. Eighteen colors that are quasi equally spaced with a rather flat intensity distribution are generated throughout the entire visible region. The present multifrequency laser emission may be advantageously used for illumination in a higher-grade display, such as a laser light show. 相似文献
20.
Tsuji S Kasumi T Nagase K Yoshikawa E Kobayashi H Kurita N 《Journal of molecular graphics & modelling》2011,29(8):975-984
During cancer invasion, the binding of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) to its receptor (uPAR) on the surface of a cancer cell is considered a trigger for invasion. Here, we present a stable structure of the solvated complex formed between uPA and uPAR (uPA-uPAR) and investigate the specific interactions between uPA and uPAR by ab initio fragment molecular orbital (FMO) calculations. The result indicates that the electrostatic interactions between the charged amino acid residues existing in both uPA and uPAR make a large contribution to the binding between uPA and uPAR. In particular, Lys23, Lys46, Lys98 and Lys61 of uPA are found to have strong attractive interactions with uPAR. To elucidate the effect of these residues on the interactions between uPA and uPAR, we substituted each of them with the uncharged amino acid Leu and investigated the interactions between the mutated uPA and wild-type uPAR. The interaction energies indicate that Lys46 and Lys98, which bind uPA to the rim of the central ligand-binding cavity of uPAR, make greater contributions to the binding between uPA and uPAR than Lys23, which is positioned at the bottom of the ligand-binding cavity of uPAR. The effect of hydrating water molecules located between uPA and uPAR is also investigated to be significant for the specific interactions between uPA and uPAR. These results are expected to be informative for developing new peptide antagonists that block the binding of uPA to uPAR. 相似文献