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631.
DMR is a promising technique to utilize the rising greenhouse gases and produce an alternative energy source. The main hurdle in the commercialization of DMR is the catalyst deactivation. Presently, the effect of Tungsten (W) addition on Ni-based catalysts supported on mixed oxide (Al2O3–MgO) support is tested for DMR. The Ni–W bimetallic catalysts are synthesized via co-precipitation followed by the impregnation technique. An equimolar stream of feed (CH4:CO2) is used for DMR at 800 °C. The Ni–W catalyst with 4 wt% of W showed steady performance with elevated conversions of CH4 and CO2, even after 24 h of DMR. The freshly and spent catalysts are characterized by BET, XRD, FESEM, EDX, elemental mapping, TPR-H2, TPD-CO2, and XPS to confirm the elemental composition and the type of carbon formed on the catalysts. The activity of Ni catalyst declined due to formation of amorphous carbon-nanosheets, whereas Ni–W catalyst remained active due to formation of MWCNT.  相似文献   
632.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
  相似文献   
633.
    
The campaign to collect rain attenuation data on terrestrial links had commenced in Malaysian tropical climates for almost two decades. The terrestrial data so far collected have been greatly utilized to derive useful statistics for various microwave applications, such as frequency scaling, rain rate conversion factor, 1‐min rain rate contour maps, wet antenna losses, and fade slope duration analysis. However, there is still severe scarcity of rain attenuation data on earth–space links in Malaysia. The results of the 2‐year measurement (January 2009–December 2010) of rain rates and rain‐induced attenuation in vertically polarized signals propagating at 10.982 GHz have been presented in this paper. The rain attenuation over the link path was measured at Islamic International University Malaysia and compared with ITU‐R P.618‐10 and Crane global models in this paper. The test results show that the two prediction models seem inadequate for predicting rain attenuation in the Ku‐band in Malaysia. Sensitivity analysis performed on measured data also reveals that the sensitivity variables depend on rain rate. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
634.
    
The natural microbiota involved in the fermentation influence the quality and taste of fully postfermented teas such as China's Pu‐erh tea. Ten microbial isolates representing 6 species were recovered from a solid‐state fermentation of a Pu‐erh type tea. The isolates were Aspergillus tubingensis, Aspergillus marvanovae, Rhizomucor pusillus, Rhizomucor tauricus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Candida mogii. With the exception of A. marvanovae and C. mogii, all these microorganisms have been previously reported in solid‐state fermentations of native Pu‐erh tea. The ability of the isolates for converting the tea polyphenols to bioactive theabrownins in infusions of sun‐dried green tea leaves in a submerged fermentation process was subsequently investigated. All isolates except C. mogii TISTR 5938 effectively produced theabrownins in a 4‐d fermentation in shake flasks at 40 °C, 250 rpm. A. tubingensis TISTR 3646, A. tubingensis TISTR 3647, A. marvanovae TISTR 3648, and A. fumigatus TISTR 3654 produced theabrownins at particularly high levels of 6.5, 12.4, 11.1, and 8.4 g/L, respectively.  相似文献   
635.
    
A continuous‐time (CT) ΣΔ modulator for sensing and direct analog‐to‐digital conversion of nA‐range (subthreshold) currents is presented in this work. The presented modulator uses a subthreshold technique based on subthreshold source‐coupled logic cells to efficiently convert subthreshold current to digital code without performing current‐to‐voltage conversion. As a benefit of this technique, the current‐sensing CT ΣΔ modulator operates at low voltage and consumes very low power, which makes it convenient for low‐power and low‐voltage current‐mode sensor interfaces. The prototype design is implemented in a 0.18 µm standard complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor technology. The modulator operates with a supply voltage of 0.8 V and consumes 5.43 μW of power at the maximum bandwidth of 20 kHz. The obtainable current‐sensing resolution ranges from effective number of bits (ENOB) = 7.1 bits at a 5 kHz bandwidth to ENOB = 6.5 bits at a 20 kHz bandwidth (ENOB). The obtained power efficiency (peak FoM = 1.5 pJ/conv) outperforms existing current‐mode analog‐to‐digital converter designs and is comparable with the voltage‐mode CT ΣΔ modulators. The modulator generates very low levels of switching noise thanks to CT operation and subthreshold current‐mode circuits that draw a constant subthreshold current from the voltage supply. The presented modulator is used as a readout interface for sensors with current‐mode output in ultra low‐power conditions and is also suitable to perform on‐chip current measurements in power management circuits. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
636.
This paper presents a new, noncontact magnetic actuator instrumented with fibre optic displacement sensors. The actuator is composed of four identical electromagnetic units which are linearized with a novel design strategy. The magnetic force can be delivered in two radial directions for active damping of lateral modes of the boring bar. The actuator is manufactured and mounted on a CNC lathe. The bending mode of the boring bar is actively damped, and the dynamic stiffness of the system was increased significantly, resulting in chatter-free higher depth of cuts. The actuator has been experimentally tested in boring operations.  相似文献   
637.
    
BACKGROUND: Fermentations of Aspergillus terreus are commercially used to produce lovastatin. How ultrasound might influence this fermentation is unknown. While high‐intensity ultrasound is effective in disrupting microbial cells, ultrasound of low intensity is known to improve productivity of some fermentation processes without damaging cells. Mechanisms behind productivity improvements have not been clearly identified in earlier studies. This work reports on the effects of ultrasound on A. terreus fermentation for low (957 W m?3), medium (2870 W m?3) and high (4783 W m?3) values of sonication power input in a slurry bubble column sonobioreactor. RESULTS: Sonication at any power level did not affect biomass growth profiles in comparison with negative controls. In contrast, medium‐ and high‐intensity sonication greatly reduced production of lovastatin and substantially altered the growth morphology. At medium and high intensity, ultrasound disrupted fungal pellets and caused the biomass to grow mainly as dispersed hyphae. Sonication affected broth rheology because rheology depends on the morphology of the suspended biomass. CONCLUSION: Sonication can be used to modify growth morphology and broth rheology without affecting growth of filamentous fungi. Sonication appears to influence the primary growth metabolism and secondary metabolism differently in different situations. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   
638.
In this study, the kinetics of borides formed on AISI 420, AISI 304 and AISI 304L stainless steels was investigated. Boronizing treatment was carried out using Ekabor-II powders at the processing temperatures of 1123, 1173 and 1223 K for 2, 4 and 6 h. The phases of the boride layers of borided AISI 420, AISI 304 and AISI 304L stainless steels were FeB, Fe2B, CrB and NiB, respectively. The thickness of the boride layer formed on the borided steels ranged from 4.6 to 64 μm depending on the boriding temperature, boriding time and alloying elements of the stainless steels. Depending on the chemical composition, temperature and layer thickness, the activation energies of boron in AISI 420, AISI 304 and AISI 304L stainless steels were found to be 206.161, 234.641 and 222.818 kJ/mol, respectively. The kinetics of growth of the boride layers formed on the AISI 420, AISI 304 and AISI 304L stainless steels and the thickness of the boride layers were investigated.  相似文献   
639.
    
BACKGROUND: Continuous culture of the freshwater microalga Choricystis minor was investigated for possible use in producing lipid feedstock for making biofuels. The effects of temperature (10–30 °C) and dilution rate (0.005–0.017 h?1) on lipid productivity in a nutrient sufficient medium in a 4 L stirred tank bioreactor under continuous illumination at an incident irradiance level of 550 µE · m?2s?1 and a controlled pH of 6 under carbon dioxide supplemented conditions are reported. RESULTS: The maximum lipid productivity was 82 mg L?1 d?1 at 25 °C and a dilution rate of 0.014 h?1. Lipid contents of the biomass were 21.3 ± 1.7 g per 100 g of dry biomass, irrespective of the culture temperature and dilution rate. After the biomass had been grown in nutrient sufficient conditions in continuous culture, it was recovered and subjected to various postharvest treatments. With the best postharvest treatment, the neutral lipid contents of the algal biomass were raised ~6‐fold relative to untreated biomass. CONCLUSION: At 82 mg L?1 d?1, or 21 000 L ha?1 year?1, the lipid productivity of C. minor was nearly four times the lipid productivity of oil palm, a highly productive crop. Therefore, C. minor is potentially a good source of renewable lipid feedstock for biofuels. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   
640.
    
BACKGROUND: Textile industries generate considerable amounts of waste‐water, which may contain strong colour, suspended particles, salts, high pH and high chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration. The disposal of these coloured wastewaters poses a major problem for the industry as well as a threat to the environment. In this study, electrochemical oxidation of Basic Blue 3 (BB3) dye was studied in a bipolar trickle tower (BTT) reactor using Raschig ring shaped boron‐doped diamond (BDD) electrodes in recirculated batch mode. The effects of current density, temperature, flow rate, sodium sulfate concentration (Na2SO4) as supporting electrolyte, and initial dye concentration were investigated. RESULTS: The best experimental conditions obtained were as follows: current density 0.875 mA cm?2, temperature 30 °C, flow rate 109.5 mL min?1, Na2SO4 concentration 0.01 mol L?1. Under these conditions, 99% colour and 86.7% COD removal were achieved. Toxicity tests were also performed on BB3 solutions under the best experimental conditions. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, the BDD anode was found to be very successful for the simultaneous degradation of BB3 and removal of COD. Additional toxicity test results also showed that electrochemical treatment using a BDD Raschig ring anode in a BTT reactor is an effective way of reducing toxicity as well as removing colour and COD. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   
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