Investigating Fatty Acid Composition of Samples were Homogenized Various Meat and Offal Products from Turkey

The aim of the present study was to compare the fatty acid composition, PUFA:SFA ratio, n6/n3 ratio, and TFA of different farm animal meats and offal products. These products were collected at a regional farm in Istanbul which is the most populous city in Turkey. The results of fatty acid composition analysis indicated that the major fatty acids of C16:0 (18.00–29.35 %), C18:0 (4.10–29.71 %), C18:1 (29.21–57.30 %), and C18:2 (1.37–18.60 %) were found in the samples. The total saturated fatty acids, total monounsaturated fatty acids and total polyunsaturated fatty acids content of the samples ranged between 30.00 and 61.83 %, 32.24 and 57.80 %, and 1.64 and 23.60 %, respectively (p < 0.05). Except for turkey abdominal fat, TFA content in all other samples showed a variation between 0.10 and 3.36 %. The PUFA:SFA ratio was higher in turkey meat (0.64) and was lower in sheep kidney fat (0.02). Moreover, the n6/n3 PUFA ratio changed between 2.90 and 22.28 (p < 0.05).     

Optimization-based source apportionment of PM2.5 incorporating gas-to-particle ratios

A modified approach to PM2.5 source apportionment is developed, using source indicative SO2/PM2.5, CO/PM2.5, and NOx/PM2.5 ratios as constraints, in addition to the commonly used particulate-phase source profiles. Additional information from using gas-to-particle ratios assists in reducing collinearity between source profiles, a problem that often limits the source-identification capabilities and accuracy of traditional receptor models. This is especially true in the absence of speciated organic carbon measurements. In the approach presented here, the solution is based on a global optimization mechanism, minimizing the weighted error between apportioned and ambient levels of PM2.5 components, while introducing constraints on calculated source contributions that ensure that the ambient gas-phase pollutants (SO2, CO, and NOy) are reasonable. This technique was applied to a 25-month dataset of daily PM2.5 measurements (total mass and composition) at the Atlanta Jefferson Street SEARCH site. Results indicate that this technique was able to split the contributions of mobile sources (gasoline and diesel vehicles) more accurately than particulate-phase source apportionment methods. Furthermore, this technique was able to better quantify the direct contribution (primary PM2.5) of coal-fired power plants to ambient PM2.5 levels.     

Effective electromagnetic shielding

Electromagnetic pollution has been categorized as a new form of pollution. The ability to reflect electromagnetic energy can be defined as shielding effectiveness. This shielding effectiveness depends on the frequency of the electromagnetic wave and the electromagnetic properties of the shielding material. This article presents a comparison of shielding effectiveness of double-square and ring patches reflecting at 900 and 1,800 MHz.     

Alloying effects in near-eutectic Sn-Ag-Cu solder alloys for improved microstructural stability

This study included a comparison of the baseline Sn-3.5Ag eutectic to one near-eutectic ternary alloy, Sn-3.6 Ag-1.0Cu and two quaternary alloys, Sn-3.6Ag-1.0Cu-0.15Co and Sn-3.6Ag-1.0 Cu-0.45 Co, to increase understanding of the beneficial effects of Co on Sn-Ag-Cu solder joints cooled at 1–3 C/sec, typical of reflow practice. The results indicated that joint microstructure refinement is due to Co-enhanced nucleation of the Cu₆Sn₅ phase in the solder matrix, as suggested by Auger elemental mapping and calorimetric measurements. The Co also reduced intermetallic interface faceting and improved the ability of the solder joint samples to maintain their shear strength after aging for 72 hr at 150 C. The baseline Sn-3.5Ag joints exhibited significantly reduced strength and coarser microstructures.     

Greenway Planning Context in Istanbul-Haliç: A Compulsory Intervention into the Historical Green Corridors of Golden Horn

In the last two decades, planners and landscape architects have been concerned with the open space planning concept called ‘greenway planning’. This approach aims at nature protection that balances both conservation and growth, creating livable environments and maintaining open spaces. In Istanbul, the functional and spatial connectivity of greenways can protect the local landscape against urbanization and population growth problems. This study aimed to emphasize the natural and cultural heritage in an ecologically based planning approach. After taking into consideration the current greenway planning process in Europe and America, a planning strategy was determined for Haliç reflecting all characteristics of Istanbul and possibly representing the first greenway example in the city. Haliç was degraded by industrialization, urbanization, migration and inappropriate land use plans through the ages and existing greenway corridors had disappeared. As a result, current greenway planning strategies were foreseen as a solution to prevent threats to heritage and re-emphasize the lost identity of Haliç. It was emphasized as the starting point of a greenway plan that could be applied for Istanbul in general.     

Manganese Doped Fluorescent Paramagnetic Nanocrystals for Dual‐Modal Imaging

In this work, dual‐modal (fluorescence and magnetic resonance) imaging capabilities of water‐soluble, low‐toxicity, monodisperse Mn‐doped ZnSe nanocrystals (NCs) with a size (6.5 nm) below the optimum kidney cutoff limit (10 nm) are reported. Synthesizing Mn‐doped ZnSe NCs with varying Mn²⁺ concentrations, a systematic investigation of the optical properties of these NCs by using photoluminescence (PL) and time resolved fluorescence are demonstrated. The elemental properties of these NCs using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and inductive coupled plasma‐mass spectroscopy confirming Mn²⁺ doping is confined to the core of these NCs are also presented. It is observed that with increasing Mn²⁺ concentration the PL intensity first increases, reaching a maximum at Mn²⁺ concentration of 3.2 at% (achieving a PL quantum yield (QY) of 37%), after which it starts to decrease. Here, this high‐efficiency sample is demonstrated for applications in dual‐modal imaging. These NCs are further made water‐soluble by ligand exchange using 3‐mercaptopropionic acid, preserving their PL QY as high as 18%. At the same time, these NCs exhibit high relaxivity (≈2.95 mM^?1 s^?1) to obtain MR contrast at 25 °C, 3 T. Therefore, the Mn²⁺ doping in these water‐soluble Cd‐free NCs are sufficient to produce contrast for both fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging techniques.     

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure and temperature on carrot peroxidase inactivation

The combined effects of pressure and temperature on the activity of carrot peroxidase (POD) were investigated in the pressure range 0.1–600 MPa and the temperature range 25–45 °C. At lower pressures (<396 MPa), carrot POD stability increased compared to unpressurized samples. Inactivation of 91% was obtained at 600 MPa and 45 °C. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) combined with temperature treatment enhanced the inactivation of carrot POD. Regeneration of POD activity with the combined HHP and temperature treatments followed first order kinetics at 25, 35 and 40 °C. Regeneration was not observed at 506 MPa and 45 °C. HHP had no significant effect on the loss of vitamin C or on protein content. HHP combined with mild heat treatment was found to be better than the thermal treatment at high temperatures for inactivation of POD in carrot processing.     

Effect of starting powders on the control of microstructural development of Al-Cu-Fe quasi-crystalline plasma-sprayed coatings

Powders and plasma-sprayed coatings of an Al₆₃Cu₂₅Fe₁₂ alloy containing a quasi-crystalline phase were characterized by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and differential thermal analysis. The relationships between powder and coating microstructures were examined. Powders were produced by casting and crushing and by gas atomization. Both techniques produced powders with multiple phases; cubic and monoclinic ternary structures were formed along with the face-centered icosahedral quasi-crystalline phase. These phases were also produced in the plasma-arc-sprayed coatings formed using different starting powders. Cooling rates during powder processing greatly affected the phase equilibria and scale of segregation of this alloy. Finer grain sizes in the plasma-sprayed coatings were obtained from the more chemically homogeneous gas-atomized powders.     

Residue coordination in proteins conforms to the closest packing of spheres

Coarse-grained protein structures have the unusual property of manifesting a greater regularity than is evident when all atoms are considered. Here, we follow proteins at the level of one point per residue. We confirm that lattices with large coordination numbers provide better fits to protein structures. But, underlying these protein structures, there is an intrinsic geometry that closely resembles the face-centered-cubic (fcc) lattice, in so far as the coordination angles observed in clusters of near neighboring residues are concerned. While the fcc lattice has 12 neighbors, the coordination number about any given residue in a protein is usually smaller; however, the neighbors are not distributed in a uniform, less dense way, but rather in a clustered dense way, occupying positions closely approximating those of a distorted fcc packing. This packing geometry is a direct manifestation of the hydrophobic effect. Surprisingly, specific residues are clustered with similar angular geometry, whether on the interior or on the exterior of a protein.     

Heat transfer from a high temperature safety rod placed in a perforated guide tube and surrounded by an array of cold tubes

In this paper, a simple natural convection heat-transfer model for a safety rod placed in a perforated guide tube is proposed. The geometry is typical of the Savannah River K reactor. The proposed model for the rod and the perforated guide-tube assembly is benchmarked against prototypical test data obtained by Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. The results showed that the proposed model was in good agreement with the experimental data except at very high temperatures where the model slightly underpredicted the rod and tube temperatures. By evaluating the thermal conductivity of the fluid (air) at the wall temperature, the prediction of the high temperature natural convection data was further improved.