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341.
Oddvin Reiso Hilde-Gunn Øverlie Nils Ryum 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1990,21(6):1689-1695
When up-quenching an Al-4.2 wt pct Cu alloy which has been equilibrated at 450 °C to a temperature at or above the eutectic
temperature of 547 °C, liquid drops are found to form. Inside the matrix grains they have a globular shape, while they have
a lenticular shape with a low dihedral angle when formed on grain boundaries. It is demonstrated metallographically that drops
are formed by the melting of the Al2Cu phase particles together with the surroundingα matrix to form a liquid of chemical composition around the eutectic composition. On prolonged annealing, the drops are dissolved
in theα matrix. The kinetics of this dissolution reaction of the drops, as well as the dissolution of Al2Cu phase particles at a temperature below 547 °C, is studied in some detail and compared with a simple mathematical model.
Also, the thermodynamics of the melting and dissolution reactions are discussed by means of a free-energy diagram. 相似文献
342.
Petter Lossius Dr.ing. Harald A. Øye Dr.techn. 《JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society》1991,43(11):41-45
Wet magnetic separation of a partly deagglomerated fines fraction of secondary alumina is an efficient way of separating the impurities P, S, Ti, V, Fe, and Ni from the process stream without sacrificing fluorine reclamation, and without significant loss of Al2O3. Although it is not carried out on an industrial scale today, increased purity requirements or deposition problems may make this process profitable. 相似文献
343.
P. Hvelplund L.H. Andersen A. Barány H. Cederquist J. Heinemeier H. Knudsen K.B. MacAdam E.H. Nielsen J. SØrensen 《Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section B, Beam interactions with materials and atoms》1985,9(4):421-425
Cross sections for capture into specific states have been measured by energy-gain spectroscopy for multiply charged argon recoils colliding with neon, argon, and xenon. The energy gains are compared with theoretical estimates based on an extension of the classical barrier model. It is found that both single-electron capture and the particular type of transfer ionization dominating these reactions are reasonably well described. 相似文献
344.
345.
Guocai Chai Ph.D. Lennart BÄckerud Tone RØlland Lars Arnberg 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1995,26(4):965-970
Dendrite coherency, or dendrite impingement, is important to the formation of the solidification structure and castability
of alloys. Dendrite coherency in the systems Al-xMn, Al-xCu, Al-xFe, and Al-xSi(x = 0 to 5 wt pct) has been studied by continuous torque measurement in solidifying samples. The fraction solid at the dendrite
coherency point, fs*, varies with the alloy system and the solute concentration in the alloy, from 18 to 56 pct for the present
alloys investigated. An increase in solute concentration decreases the coherency fraction solid,fs*. An alloy system with a large slope of the liquidus line has a high coherency fraction solid. A theoretical approach has been
developed to account for the effects of the alloy system and solute concentration on the dendrite coherency in the alloy.
The grain sizes of the alloys were evaluated using the parameters at coherency point. 相似文献
346.
Esben Hallundbæk Østergaard Kristian Kassow Richard Beck Henrik Hautop Lund 《Autonomous Robots》2006,21(2):165-183
Self-reconfigurable robots are robots that can change their shape in order to better suit their given task in their immediate environment. Related work on around fifteen such robots is presented, compared and discussed. Based on this survey, design considerations leading to a novel design for a self-reconfigurable robot, called “ATRON”, is described. The ATRON robot is a lattice-based self-reconfigurable robot with modules composed of two hemispheres joined by a single revolute joint. Mechanical design and resulting system properties are described and discussed, based on FEM analyses as well as real-world experiments. It is concluded that the ATRON design is both competent and novel. Even though the ATRON modules are minimalistic, in the sense that they have only one actuated degree of freedom, the collective of modules is capable of self-reconfiguring in three dimensions. Also, a question is raised on how to compare and evaluate designs for self-reconfigurable robots, with a focus on lattice-based systems. 相似文献
347.
The change in near-tip stress field in Small Scale Yielding (SSY) for cracks located at an interface between two materials with different plastic work hardening is investigated. The difference in hardening is termed hardening mismatch, and is quantified through the parameter n, which is the difference in hardening exponent between the two materials. For cracks in elastic-ideally plastic materials the stress level in front of the crack tip is mainly controlled by the angular extent of the part where the slip lines are curved, often referred to as a centered fan like slip line sector. It is shown that for an elastic-ideally plastic material coupled to a material with non-zero hardening, an increase in stress is observed due to an extension of this centered fan like slip line sector. The angular extension of the centered fan like sector is dependent on the radial distance from the crack tip. Further, the change in stress depends strongly on hardening mismatch, increasing as n increases. For the situation with coupling between two non-zero hardening materials it is shown that the full field stress solution develops in a self-similar manner, but differs from the homogeneous case due to a coupling between the radial and angular stress field dependence. The amplitude of the change in stress field is to a rather good approximation only controlled by the hardening mismatch, n, and is more or less independent of the absolute values of hardening exponent of the two materials. 相似文献
348.
A worst-case simulation of the mass-balance for metals in the waste deposited during 1 year and the levels of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr) and iron (Fe) in the leachate was calculated for four sanitary landfills in Western Norway. Estimates of the levels of metal content in mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) were found by using recent literature values calculated in a mass-balance study at a Norwegian waste incinerator plant. Leachate from the landfills were sampled and analyzed monthly during 1 year, and from these measurements the total annual discharge of the selected metals through the leachate was determined. The levels of the measured heavy metals in the leachate were low. For Cd less than 0.06%, for Pb less than 0.01% and for Hg less than 0.02% of the estimated year's deposited mass of metals were leached from the landfills during the year of investigation. The high retention of these metals are most likely due to sulfide precipitation, but also due to the immobile condition of the metals in their original deposited solid state (plastics, ceramics, etc.). The percentage of Cr leached was relatively higher, but less than 1.0% per year. The mass balance of Fe suggests that this element is more mobile under the prevailing conditions. The percentage of Fe leached varied and was estimated to be between 1.9% and 18%. The present study clearly supports the theory that MSW only to a small extent will lead to discharge of metals if deposited at well-constructed sanitary landfills with top layers. 相似文献
349.
The full Mueller matrix was measured to obtain the polarization state of the scattered light for a variety of algae with different shapes, wall compositions, sizes, and refractive indices. The experimental setup was a multiple laser Mueller matrix ellipsometer, by which measurements were performed for scattering angles from 16° to 160° sampled at every second degree for wavelengths of 473?nm and 532?nm. Previously, the polarization of light scattered from microalgae was investigated only for a few species, and the Mueller matrix was found to have little variation between the species. In our work a total of 11 algal species were investigated, representing diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophorids, green algae, and a cryptophyte. The selection of species was made to obtain high variability in shape, size, cell wall, and refractive index. As in previous investigations, very small variations were found between species for most of the Mueller matrix elements, but noticeable variations were found for M(11), (M(12)+M(21))/2 and (M(33)+M(44))/2. 相似文献
350.