Hygienic aspects of porcine gullets

In an attempt to elaborate good manufacturing practices, including the collection, processing and storage of porcine gullets, their bacterial condition immediately after collection (100 samples), as well as that of deep frozen gullets just before incorporation into meat products (40 samples), was assessed. Fresh gullets were found to be contaminated to a high degree: poured plate colony count at 30°C (PPCC) approximately 10(6) to 10(7) and Enterobacteriaceae approximately 10(3) to 10(4) cfu g(-1). Deep frozen gullets showed even higher counts: PPCC approximately 10(7) to 10(8) and Enterobacteriaceae approximately 10(4) to 10(5) cfu g(-1). Hygiene during collection was visually assessed in six abattoirs and found to be satisfactory in two, moderate in three and poor in one. The effects of processing, by cleaning or removal of the mucus membrane, on bacterial condition, pH, colour and odour were assessed before and during storage at 4°C and 20°C. Both cleaning and removal of the mucus membrane resulted in up to approximately a tenfold reduction of colony counts. After 7 days' storage at 4°C these were significantly lower than those of unprocessed gullets (P < 0·01). Processed gullets stored at 4°C were no longer fit for consumption after 4 days' storage. It being impossible to achieve a marked improvement in the bacteriological condition of gullets, the incorporation of these products into sausages should be discouraged and their use in petfoods only allowed under reasonable conditions of hygiene and chilling.     

真空热处理实际应用三十例(二)

该模具原采用盐浴炉淬火,表面呈黑色,有时有氧化脱碳现象,常因尺寸超差而影响模具精度,模具质量得不到保证。采用真空热处理后变形甚小(0.01～0.02毫米),表面光亮,无脱碳现象。尺寸基本不变,模具质量得到保证。具体热处理工艺见图22。     

食品添加剂蔗糖脂肪酸酯通过鉴定

一种广泛用于食品和日用化学工业的非离子型表面活性剂——蔗糖脂肪酸酯,前不久在江苏省金湖油脂化学厂通过科研成果和生产工艺省级技术鉴定,并投入批量生产,为我国的食品添加剂家族又增添了一名新成员。该产品以蔗糖、植物油等为原料,采用国内首创的无溶剂法先进工艺精制而成。它是一种无毒、无臭、无味的乳白色或黄褐色粉末,具有乳化、发泡、粘度调节、湿润、分散、抗菌、与淀粉复合抗老化等功能,主要用于面、乳、油、糖果、饮料等食品,也可用于冷霜、香脂、唇膏、发乳等日化产品中。     

无线电引信塑料风帽的研究

无线电引信风帽材料要求有较好的介电性能,其介电常数(ε)为2.3左右(10~6Hz),介质损耗角正切(tgδ)为1×10~(-4)(10~6Hz),另外在耐温、刚度、强度和贮存稳定性等方面都提出了较高的要求,在-40℃～50℃循环变化,每次4小时,不开裂,不软化;在23,000g冲击作用下与22,000转/分转动离心作用     

Chemical and Physical Signals Mediating Conspecific and Heterospecific Aggregation Behavior of First Instar Stink Bugs

We investigated cues that mediate the aggregation behavior of immature pentatomid bugs by using nymphs of six different pentatomid bug species (Nezara viridula, Acrosternum hilare, Chlorochroa ligata, Chlorochroa sayi, Thyanta pallidovirens, and Euschistus conspersus). When first instars of any two species were put together in a Petri dish, they readily formed heterospecific aggregations similar to their natural conspecific aggregations. The chemical profiles of first and second instar nymphs of each species were determined by solvent extraction with pentane, followed by GC-MS analysis. Immature bugs of the different species had some compounds in common, and some that were more species specific. Within a species, there were distinct differences in the profiles of compounds extracted from first and second instars. Bugs did not aggregate around untreated polysulfone beads (1 mm diam) that were glued together in groups approximating bug egg masses, suggesting that tactile cues alone were insufficient to induce aggregation. Furthermore, when tested over a range of doses, groups of polysulfone beads treated with crude whole-body extracts of bugs did not induce or maintain aggregations. However, first instar N. viridula nymphs did respond to beads treated with two of the three major components of bug extracts. 4-Oxo-(E)-2-decenal induced significant aggregations at two doses, whereas tridecane, the major component in extracts from all six species, did not, and (E)-2-decenal was repellent. The repellence of (E)-2-decenal may explain why we and previous researchers were unable to induce aggregations of first instar N. viridula using whole-body extracts.     

非战争军事行动装备保障若干问题研究

随着我军遂行非战争军事行动任务的增加,对装备保障的要求越来越高,非战争军事行动的研究进入了一个重要时期。我军对非战争军事行动装备保障的研究还处于起步阶段。介绍了非战争军事行动装备保障的特点、原则和要求,研究了非战争军事行动装备保障的运行机制,最后提出了关于问题的几点思考。     

Electroantennographic and behavioral responses of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta to host plant headspace volatiles

Coupled gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) using antennae of adult female Manduca sexta was employed to screen for olfactory stimulants present in headspace collections from four species of larval host plants belonging to two families: Solanaceae—Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Capiscum annuum (bell pepper), and Datura wrightii; and Martyniaceae—Proboscidea parviflora. Headspace volatiles were collected from undamaged foliage of potted, living plants. GC–EAD revealed 23 EAD-active compounds, of which 15 were identified by GC-mass spectrometry. Identified compounds included aliphatic, aromatic, and terpenoid compounds bearing a range of functional groups. Nine EAD-active compounds were common to all four host plant species: (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, nonanal, decanal, phenylacetaldehyde, methyl salicylate, benzyl alcohol, geranyl acetone, (E)-nerolidol, and one unidentified compound. Behavioral responses of female moths to an eight-component synthetic blend of selected tomato headspace volatiles were tested in a laboratory wind tunnel. Females were attracted to the blend. A comparison of responses from antennae of males and females to bell pepper headspace volatiles revealed that males responded to the same suite of volatiles as females, except for (Z)-3-hexenyl benzoate. EAD responses of males also were lower for (Z)- and (E)-nerolidol and one unidentified compound. Electroantennogram EAG dose–response curves for the 15 identified EAD-active volatiles were recorded. At the higher test doses (10–100 g), female antennae yielded larger EAG responses to terpenoids and to aliphatic and aromatic esters. Male antennae did respond to the higher doses of (Z)-3-hexenyl benzoate, indicating that they can detect this compound. On the basis of ubiquity of the EAD-active volatiles identified to date in host plant headspace collections, we suggest that M. sexta uses a suite of volatiles to locate and identify appropriate host plants.     

流态自硬砂简况

本文着重介绍流态自硬砂的原材料、工艺及在日、苏两国的使用情况。文后附有日本以硅酸二钙(C_2S)为硬化剂的非发热自硬砂的简略介绍。供参考。     

Presence, molecular characteristics and geosmin producing ability of actinomycetes isolated from South Korean terrestrial and aquatic environments

The unpleasant odor of drinking water is one of the major problems in many water utilities in the world. Actinomycetes have long been associated with odorous compounds. Considering the paucity of research on Actinomycetes producing odorous compounds in South Korea, presence of Actinomycetes, their molecular characteristics and ability to produce odorous compounds were investigated in this study. Findings confirmed the presence of Actinomycetes in surface soil, sediment, and water samples from four sites: two artificial lakes [Paldang and Cheongpyeong (CP)], and two streams [Gyeongan (GA) and Yangpyeong]. Surface soil and sediment from CP area had the greatest concentration of Actinomycetes (8.2 x 10(7) and 6.8 x 10(6) colony forming units (CFUs)/gram, dry weight, respectively). When water samples are considered, samples from GA had the highest concentration (1.9 x 10(2) CFU/mL). 16S rRNA sequencing and molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that Streptomyces was the dominant genus (64.1%). In addition, the isolated Actinomycetes synthesized 5.4 ng/L geosmin as demonstrated by thermal desorption unit-gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry analysis.