Biofilm development during the start-up of a sulfate-reducing down-flow fluidized bed reactor at different COD/SO4(2-) ratios and HRT

In sulfate-reducing reactors, it has been reported that the sulfate removal efficiency increases when the COD/SO4(2-) ratio is increased. The start-up of a down-flow fluidized bed reactor constitutes an important step to establish a microbial community in the biofilm able to survive under the operational bioreactor conditions in order to achieve effective removal of both sulfate and organic matter. In this work the influence of COD/SO4(2-) ratio and HRT in the development of a biofilm during reactor start-up (35 days) was studied. The reactor was inoculated with 1.6 g VSS/L of granular sludge, ground low density polyethylene was used as support material; the feed consisted of mineral medium at pH 5.5 containing 1 g COD/L (acetate:lactate, 70:30) and sodium sulfate. Four experiments were conducted at HRT of 1 or 2 days and COD/SO4(2-) ratio of 0.67 or 2.5. The results obtained indicated that a COD/SO4(2-) ratio of 2.5 and HRT 2 days allowed high sulfate and COD removal (66.1 and 69.8%, respectively), whereas maximum amount of attached biomass (1.9 g SVI/L support) and highest sulfate reducing biofilm activity (10.1 g COD-H2S/g VSS-d) was achieved at HRT of 1 day and at COD/sulfate ratios of 0.67 and 2.5, respectively, which suggests that suspended biomass also played a key role in the performance of the reactors.     

Treatment of wastewater from a school in a decentralized filtration system by percolation over organic packing media

Based on results obtained in the laboratory a WWTP composed of a septic tank and an aerated percolating filter packed with organic media was built for a school. The system can treat 18 m3 d(-1) and was operated with a hydraulic loading rate of 0.078 (m3 m(-2) d(-1). For 360 days different operational conditions including start-up; stabilization; operation with aeration and non aeration; effect of rainy season, breaks from activities due to holidays and restart; were monitored and described in the article. Once stabilized, the system was able to remove, without the need for mechanical aeration, 97% of BOD5, 71% of COD, 93% of TKN, 11% of PO(4-)-P, 95% of TSS, 96% of VSS, in addition to having a removal efficiency of 4 log units of Faecal Coliforms (FC) and 100% helminthes eggs (HE). With this quality, the treated wastewater can be chlorinated and reused to irrigate green areas and/or in toilets. Although sanitary wastewater has a high concentration of Total-N (250 mg L(-1)) and a C/N ratio of less than 1, the system removed 65% of Total-N. Finally it was observed that after non activity periods, there was neither system failure nor the need to re-stabilize the system.     

Screening of organic contaminants in urban snow

Snowmelt is known to cause peak concentrations of pollutants, which may adversely affect receiving water quality. High concentrations of metals and suspended solids in snow have been reported, whereas studies on organic pollutants are rare. This study aims at investigating the occurrence of anthropogenic organic compounds in urban snow in Gothenburg (Sweden). The most frequently detected organic pollutants in the collected snow samples were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), high molecular-weight phthalates, 4-nonylphenol and 4-t-octylphenol. Brominated flame retardants and chlorinated paraffins were only sporadically detected. In several snow samples, the concentrations of specific PAHs, alkylphenols and phthalates were higher than reported stormwater concentrations and European water quality standards. Pollutant source identification and sustainable management of snow are important instruments for the mitigation of organic contaminants in the urban environment.     

Clonal variation in reproductive response to temperature by a potential bulking control agent, Lecane inermis (Rotifera)

The novel idea of using rotifers Lecane inermis (Rotifera, Monogononta) as a tool to overcome activated sludge bulking generates an on-going need to study rotifer biology. The results of biological research on rotifers can serve to improve the method so that it can be most effective when applied in treatment plants. The aim of this study was to test the effect of temperature on four selected rotifer clones originating from different treatment plants. The rate of population development from a single individual (parthenogenetic female) during a 10-day experiment was measured at three temperatures: 8, 15 and 20 degrees C. The temperatures used reflect the annual temperature distribution in the majority of municipal wastewater treatment plants in the temperate zone. The growth rate coefficient (r) and doubling time (tD) were calculated for each clone. Under the most favourable conditions (20 degrees C), rvalues varied between 0.41 and 0.47 d and doubling time between 1.5 and 1.7 d. At a temperature of 15 degrees C, the doubling time was approximately two times longer (2.5-3.4 d). The strongest intraspecific variations were observed at the lowest temperature of 8 degrees C. At this temperature, one of the clones almost failed to proliferate, and another exhibited a doubling time of 7.9 d. The doubling times were a few times greater for the remaining two clones (60 d for Lk1, 33.3 d for Lk4). These results could be very useful in predicting the chances that the rotifers would survive in a biological reactor in a wastewater treatment plant at the temperatures used in these reactors.     

基于三(8-羟基喹啉)铝的紫外增强薄膜研究

为了提高硅基成像器件的紫外响应,本文通过对Alq3发光机理与光致发光特性的研究,用真空蒸镀的方法制备出了基于Alq3的有机金属薄膜.通过测量Alq3薄膜的透过率、光致发光光谱和激发光谱,发现Alq3薄膜在可见波段有很好的透过性,用紫外光激发会产生较强的绿光(中心波长位于510 nm),且激发光谱宽(250～425 nm).结论表明Alq3薄膜的发射光谱能够与传统硅基成像器件的响应光谱匹配,是一种符合实际要求的紫外增强薄膜.     

Stability margin of uncertain control systems

Achieving stability is the essential issue in the control system design. In this paper, four approaches that can be used to calculate the stability margin of the interval plant family are summarized and compared. The μ approach gives the bounds of the stability margin, and good estimation can be obtained with the numerical method. The eigenvalue approach yields accurate value, and the MATLAB＇s function robuststab sometimes provides wrong results. Since the eigenvalue approach is both accurate and computationally efficient, it is recommended for the calculation of the stability margin, while utilization of the function robuststab should be avoided due to the unreliable results it gives.     

基于机器视觉的机器人辨识及分拣盒装香烟的系统

运用机器视觉技术和机器人技术设计并实现了一种识别、分拣盒装香烟的系统,以提高识别准确率和分拣效率。该系统通过USB摄像头采集烟盒图像信息,从烟盒的特征检测入手,利用Matlab工具对香烟条形码、烟盒颜色和字迹字符三个方面进行处理分析,识别出真伪香烟,并随即通过控制机器人手爪对识别出的香烟进行分拣。     

以第一性原理研究立方相CeO2的弹性、电子结构和光学性质

运用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)框架下的超软赝势平面波(USPP)方法,计算了立方相CeO2的几何结构、弹性性质、电子结构和光学性质,并采用HSE06杂化泛函矫正了带隙.所得晶格参数及体模量与先前文献报道数据基本吻合.计算出了二阶弹性常数及德拜温度值,并给出了能带结构、态密度、差分电荷密度的分布情况.最后,为了阐明CeO2的光学跃迁机制,计算并分析了其复介电常数、折射率、吸附光谱、反射光谱等光学性质.     

长河坝水电站出线竖井开挖支护施工

长河坝水电站出线竖井属于超深竖井,开挖断面大,工期紧,采用两次扩挖,溜渣井采用造环向辐射孔、自下而上分段爆破,减少了人工扒渣量,确保施工进度;为了提高起吊系统的安全系数,采用两台同步卷扬机、双绳起吊,井内、井外双控操作,强化安全技术措施与安全管理制度的落实,确保竖井施工安全。     

定型组合钢模在斜切式隧道洞门施工中的应用

在浅埋短隧道洞室群隧道洞门施工中受场地狭小限制等条件不利于定型钢模衬砌台车施作洞门拱墙时,采用满堂脚手架与钢拱架上铺定型组合弧形钢模配合衬砌台车整体一次性施工隧道洞门拱墙,可以解决定型钢模衬砌台车的模板庞大笨重、安拆吊装设备的场地狭小受限,以及模板拆装倒运周转成本费用较大等问题,从而满足设计要求并达到施工质量要求。