Formation of N-Nitrosopyrrolidine in Fried Bacon: Model System Studies

The kinetics of reactions such as the nitrosation of proline or pyrrolidine and the decarboxylation of proline or N-nitrosoproline in heated model systems simulating the pan-frying conditions of bacon were determined. The rate constants, half-life values and activation energy values of these reactions were calculated. The nitrosation of proline or pyrrolidine in adipose model systems occurs readily in the temperature range 80–160°C, while the decarboxylation of proline or N-nitrosoproline proceeds only at 100°C or above. The rates of the above reactions are such that nitrosation of proline > nitrosation of pyrrolidine > decarboxylation of proline or N-nitrosoproline. Results lend credence to the pathway involving N-nitrosoproline in the formation of N-nitrosopyrrolidine in bacon.     

TEMPORAL EXPERIENCE IN DEPRESSIVE STATES AND SCHIZOPHRENIA.

20 SCHIZOPHRENICS, 20 DEPRESSIVES, AND 20 NORMALS WERE COMPARED ON MEASURES OF FUTURE TIME PERSPECTIVE (COHERENCE AND EXTENSION), TIME PERCEPTION (SHORT AND LONG INTERVALS), AND TIME ORIENTATION. SCHIZOPHRENICS AND DEPRESSIVES DIFFER FROM NORMALS IN TIME PERSPECTIVE EXTENSION AND COHERENCE. SCHIZOPHRENICS SHOW LESS COHERENCE THAN DEPRESSIVES, AND DEPRESSIVES SHOW A MORE CURTAILED FUTURE PERSPECTIVE THAN THE SCHIZOPHRENICS. BOTH GROUPS ESTIMATE TIME LESS ACCURATELY AND ARE LESS FUTURE ORIENTED THAN NORMALS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

FLOW BEHAVIOR OF CLARIFIED ORANGE JUICE AT LOW TEMPERATURES

This paper presents a study of the rheological behavior of clarified and depectinated orange juices, with different soluble solid contents, at temperatures just above their freezing point. The rheological behavior of depectinated and clarified orange juice was determined for a wide range of soluble solid contents (10–65.8° Brix) and temperatures ( − 15 to 30C). The results indicated that the samples behave like a Newtonian fluid. The effect of temperature on the juice can be described with an Arrhenius-type equation. It was found that the activation energy for viscous flow was in the range of 9.4 to 59 kJ/mol, depending on the concentration. The effect of the soluble solid content can be described by an exponential-type equation. Finally, an equation in which dynamic viscosity depends on temperature and soluble solids content gives the following expression: η =  1  ×  10 ^{- 15} exp(0.12C  +  9021/T), where T in Kelvin, C in °Brix, and viscosity in mPa·s.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

It is necessary to know the relationship between viscosity with temperature and concentration, since knowledge of these parameters is of vital importance in the manipulation, calculation and design of all those unit operations during the process, mainly those based on heat and quantum transfer.     

A COMPUTER METHOD OF SEQUENCING OPERATIONS FOR ASSEMBLY LINES

COMSOAL, an acronym for a computer Method of Sequencing Operations for Assembly Lines, is a method of balancing large complex machine-paced assembly lines. Basically, by means of a high-speed digital computer, sampled data is used for Monte-Carlo simulation of the proposed designs.

COMSOAL originated in an industrial operations research project and is in use at some factories of the Chrysler Corporation in an early form. The latest version, described here, awaits implementation in the factory situation.

First, the problem is analyzed in simple form and two solutions are offered, with several results, arising from applications to situations with up to 1000 tasks. The analysis is then extended and solutions to the complex form, which includes eight typical additional constraints, mixed production and stochastic considerations, are presented     

FEMALE-HEADED FAMILIES: Social and Economic Context of Racial Differences

ABSTRACT: Three explanations of the high and rising incidence of female-headed families and of racial differences in family structure are compared empirically. These are the cultural thesis, the female autonomy thesis, and the marriage market thesis. The analysis is contextual and draws upon data from the 1990 Public Use Microdata sample, as well as other census materials. The authors found that black and white women are influenced by different sets of contextual factors and that the probability that black women with children will be heads of family is significantly related to the economic marginality and relative number of black males in the community within which they reside.     

Effects of Calcium, Sucrose, and Aging on the Texture of Canned Great Northern Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.)

Factors affecting hardness of canned Great Northern beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) were investigated. Addition of calcium significantly increased the hardness of processed beans; however, the calcium content usually found in hard culinary water supplies did not cause good quality beans to be unacceptably hard when processed. Firmer processed beans had a higher calcium uptake and lower water absorption. Sucrose increased the hardness of processed beans. Sucrose and calcium were synergistic in their firming action. Beans stored at high temperature and humidity for a prolonged period of time became firmer when processed and more sensitive to calcium hardening and to the synergistic effects of calcium and sucrose.