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91.
92.
Hyvärinen A 《Neural computation》2008,20(12):3087-3110
In signal restoration by Bayesian inference, one typically uses a parametric model of the prior distribution of the signal. Here, we consider how the parameters of a prior model should be estimated from observations of uncorrupted signals. A lot of recent work has implicitly assumed that maximum likelihood estimation is the optimal estimation method. Our results imply that this is not the case. We first obtain an objective function that approximates the error occurred in signal restoration due to an imperfect prior model. Next, we show that in an important special case (small gaussian noise), the error is the same as the score-matching objective function, which was previously proposed as an alternative for likelihood based on purely computational considerations. Our analysis thus shows that score matching combines computational simplicity with statistical optimality in signal restoration, providing a viable alternative to maximum likelihood methods. We also show how the method leads to a new intuitive and geometric interpretation of structure inherent in probability distributions. 相似文献
93.
M. Bedenbecker R. Bandorf G. Bräuer H. Lüthje H. H. Gatzen 《Microsystem Technologies》2008,14(12):1949-1954
An important aspect of the development of electromagnetic microactuators is the search for suitable materials as well as the
development of the respective deposition and patterning processes. Within the Collaborative Research Center 516 “Design and
Fabrication of Active Microsystems”, it is the task of the subproject B1 “fabrication of magnetic thin films for electromagnetic
microactuators” to perform these investigations. The materials of interest can be divided into two groups: hard magnetic materials
and soft magnetic materials. Materials with optimized properties and fabrication processes have been developed within both
groups. An example is Samarium–Cobalt (SmCo), which can either be deposited using magnetron sputtering as Sm2Co17 with a very high energy product or in the SmCo5 phase using gas flow sputtering with very high deposition rates. In the area of soft magnetic materials, investigations on
Nickel-Iron (NiFe) especially NiFe81/19 were followed by the evaluation of NiFe45/55, which features a higher saturation flux
density B
s and relative permeability μ
r. Furthermore, current investigations focus on Cobalt-Iron (CoFe) and its further increased saturation flux density B
s and relative permeability μ
r. Current tasks include the stabilization of the fabrication processes to achieve good material properties (i.e. electroplating
of CoFe) or a shortening (e.g. by using heated substrates during deposition) by using process alternative not used so far.
Another topic is the integration into fabrication processes, i.e. the investigation of process stability and compatibility. 相似文献
94.
J. Rögner B. Okolo S. Kurzenhäuser M. Müller W. Bauer H.-J. Ritzhaupt-Kleissl E. Kerscher V. Schulze 《Microsystem Technologies》2008,14(12):1831-1837
Due to size effects the mechanical behavior of micro-components with dimensions in the range of some 100 μm and structure
details of about 10 μm differs markedly from those of larger components. This is a crucial aspect for the design of micro-components
for applications where demands for high strength are critical. The present study, which was performed in the frame of the
Collaborative Research Centre 499 (SFB 499), approaches this issue by investigating the relationship between production process,
microstructure and the mechanical properties of micro-specimens made from zirconia using two different feedstocks. The specimens
were produced by a sintering process. The sintering temperature was varied between 1,300 and 1,500°C. Mechanical and tribological
behavior of the specimens was determined by three-point bending tests as well as static and sliding friction tests, respectively.
Properties derived from these tests were then correlated to the surface states in the specimens such as porosity, edge radius
and roughness. The strength of the micro-specimens was found to be significantly influenced by these surface features. Whilst
low porosity alone is not sufficient for high strength, notch effects resulting from pores as well as surface roughness can
lower the strength. With increasing edge radius the strength of the material also increases. The porosity, edge radius and
surface roughness were mathematically correlated with the strength to allow for a forecast. Within the SFB 499 feedstocks
with specific properties were designed and reliable processes were developed to guarantee desirable surface roughness and
porosity in the specimens. A characteristic bending strength of about 2,000 MPa is realizable in the micro-specimens within
a good statistical reliability. The tribological tests revealed that the wear properties of the zirconia micro-components
are strongly dependent on the quality of the feedstock. 相似文献
95.
Klaus Dräger Bernd Finkbeiner Andreas Podelski 《International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer (STTT)》2009,11(1):27-37
In directed model checking, the traversal of the state space is guided by an estimate of the distance from the current state
to the nearest error state. This paper presents a distance-preserving abstraction for concurrent systems that allows one to compute an interesting estimate of the error distance without hitting the state
explosion problem. Our experiments show a dramatic reduction both in the number of states explored by the model checker and
in the total runtime. 相似文献
96.
97.
We have produced a multilayer transmission filter with 100 periods of Cr/C to achieve a significant phase retardation while maintaining good transmission for photon energies just below the carbon K edge. This device was installed into a polarimeter behind the SX700/3 monochromator at the Berlin synchrotron radiation laboratory, BESSY. The phase-retardation properties were observed as theoretically predicted. Agreement between experiment and calculation could be obtained by introduction of a rather small interface roughness in the simulation code (σ = 0.65 nm rms). An observed phase retardation of 5° was sufficient to permit, for the first time we believe, a complete and unambiguous polarization analysis of soft-x-ray synchrotron radiation (265-eV photon energy) with primary standards. 相似文献
98.
Fabrication of planar microlens arrays by silver-sodium ion exchange is possible by using a new glass type, optimized for this technology. Because of its nonlinear diffusion response it is well suited to the fabrication of microlens arrays. We show that the diffusion coefficient can be described theoretically by an exponential concentration dependence. The parameters of the planar microlenses are measured interferometrically and by imaging experiments. Because of the specific index distribution, new evaluation techniques for the determination of lens parameters from interferometric measurements have been applied. We also present a simple model that relates the achievable lens parameters to the diffusion conditions. 相似文献
99.
By numerical simulation of light scattering by birch and pine pollen grains, we create color plates of coronas with vertical elliptical shapes and strong brightenings, respectively. The shape of the pollen is modeled by the union of n ellipsoids. The Fraunhofer integral is solved by the use of the fast Hartley transform. The sensitivity of the patterns to pollen orientation, Sun elevation, and pollen shape and size is discussed. Good agreement is obtained with amazing photographs made by a Finnish network of amateur astonomers, in the case of strong vertical orientation of the pollen axis. 相似文献
100.
Schäfer M 《Applied optics》1994,33(28):6591-6596
The optical properties of highly chirped gratings of broadband reflection-type volume phase holograms are evaluated by a ray-tracing approach. The deformation of the fringes as well as the change of refractive index is attributed to swelling during processing. For high-efficiency holograms the problem can be reduced to geometric optics. The power density distribution in the focus of an on-axis mirror is calculated by a Monte Carlo integration. The results are discussed for replay conditions that are relevant for photovoltaic applications. 相似文献