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121.
122.
Phenolic resoles can be regarded as copolymers of phenol and formaldehyde that are distributed in the chain length and the number of methylol groups per molecule. While other spectroscopic methods like FTIR and NMR only give average structures, MALDI–TOF mass spectrometry is able to resolve the oligomer distribution of phenolic resoles. Using 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid or 2,4,6‐trihydroxyacetophenone as matrices, MALDI–TOF spectra are obtained where each oligomer peak can be assigned to a particular chemical structure. Thus, the degree of polymerization and the number of reactive methylol groups can be determined. For urea‐modified resoles, in addition to phenol–formaldehyde and urea–formaldehyde structures, for the first time, phenol–urea–formaldehyde cocondensate structures can be identified directly. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2540–2548, 2003 相似文献
123.
124.
Marie-Laure Favier Pierre-Etienne Bost Christine Guittard Christian Demigné Christian Rémésy 《Lipids》1997,32(9):953-959
The effects of partially hydrolyzed, nonviscous, guar gum (PHGG) on cholesterol metabolism and digestive balance have been
compared with those of native guar gum (GUAR) in rats adapted to 0.4% cholesterol diets. Both types of guar gum elicited acidic
fermentations in the large intestine, but only GUAR effectively lowered plasma cholesterol (P<0.001), chiefly in the triglyceride-rich lipoprotein fraction. The biliary bile acid excretion was significantly enhanced
in rats fed GUAR (P<0.05), as well as the intestinal and cecal bile acid pool (P<0.001). In rats fed GUAR and to a lesser extent in those fed PHGG, the fecal excretion of bile acids and neutral sterol was
higher than in controls (P<0.01). The digestive balance (cholesterol intake-steroid excretion) was positive in control rats (+47 μmol/d), whereas it
was negative in rats fed GUAR (−20 μmol/d), which could involve a higher rate of endogenous cholesterol synthesis. In rats
fed PHGG, the steroid balance remained slightly positive. Liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase activity
was very low (22 pmol/min/mg protein), owing to cholesterol supplementation, in control rats or in rats fed PHGG, whereas
it was markedly higher (+463%) in rats fed GUAR. In conclusion, even if PHGG does alter some parameters of the enterohepatic
cycle of cholesterol and bile acids, its effects are not sufficient to elicit a significant cholesterol-lowering effect. The
intestinal (ileal or cecal) reabsorption of bile acids was not reduced, but rather increased, by GUAR; nevertheless the intestinal
capacities of reabsorption were overwhelmed by the enlargement of the digestive pool of bile acids. In the present model,
induction of HMG-CoA reductase probably takes place in the presence of elevated portal bile acid concentrations. 相似文献
125.
Dieter Braun Manfred Rtzsch Peter Fiedler Günter Weber Heinz Hofmann Bernd Gutschalk 《大分子材料与工程》1991,187(1):101-121
Based on the example of PE-LD grades and on model substances obtained by preparative fractionation (fractions in the molecular weight range M?w = 1.2 ? 390·104 g/mol), comprehensive investigations regarding the problems of structure/properties have been carried out. The correlations of M?w with 15 physical and application technological perameters have been investigated taking into account the reaction mechanism during the manufacturing of PE-LD in the tubular and agitated autoclave reactor, resulting in the formation of so-called primary structure perameters M?n, M?w, molar mass distribution, short chain branching and long chain branching. For the interpretation of the results, among other factors, also the morphological conditions have been taken into consideration, which in connection with the molecular parameters reveal — for specific M?w-ranges — strong changes and saturation ranges, resp., for the physical and application technological properties. 相似文献
126.
Hong?ZhangEmail author Lars?Saaby?Pedersen Dorther?Kristensen Jens?Adler-Nissen Hans?Christian Holm 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2004,81(7):653-658
Lipozyme TL IM-catalyzed interesterification for the modification of margarine fats was carried out in a batch reactor at
70°C with a lipase dosage of 4%. Solid fat content (SFC) was used to monitor the reaction progress. Lipase-catalyzed interesterification,
which led to changes in the SFC, was assumed to be a first-order reversible reaction. Accordingly, the change in SFC vs. reaction
time was described by an exponential model. The model contained three parameters, each with a particular physical or chemical
meaning: (i) the initial SFC (SFC0), (ii) the change in SFC (ΔSFC) from the initial to the equilibrium state, and (iii) the reaction rate constant value (k). SFCo and ΔSFC were related to only the types of blends and the blend ratios. The rate constant k was related to lipase activity on a given oil blend. Evaluation of the model was carried out with two groups of oil blends,
i.e., palm stearin/coconut oil in weight ratios of 90∶10, 80∶20, and 70∶30, and soybean oil/fully hydrogenated soybean oil
in weight ratios of 80∶20, 65∶35, and 50∶50. Correlation coefficients higher than 0.99 between the experimental and predicted
values were observed for SFC at temperatures above 30°C. The model is useful for predicting changes in the SFC during lipase-catalyzed
interesterification with a selected group of oil blends. It also can be used to control the process when particular SFC values
are targeted. 相似文献
127.
In addition to pyrolysis and degradation with superheated steam the hydrogenolytic degradation of cured phenolic resins induced by hydrogen-donors has been investigated. Especially with 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) a considerable amount of transferred hydrogen to the dispersed resin particles, involved with formation of naphthalene, has been observed at 400°C. With total maximal yields of 98 wt.-% (ref. to the initial amount of phenolic resin) of phenol, methyl phenols, and oligomerous phenolic degradation products a recovering of industrial phenolic resin wastes should be possible. Kinetic and scanning electron microscopic investigations are employed to give some mechanistic explanations involving the hydrogenolytic liquefaction of cured phenolic resins. 相似文献
128.
Gel permeation chromatography and thin layer chromatography have been used respectively to separate and characterize the first seven members of an epoxy resin polymer homologous series on a preparative and analytical scale. The epoxy resin was formed by the reaction between Bisphenol-A and epichlorhydrin. NMR was used to identify the oligomers. The relationship between extinction coefficient and degree of polymerisation was also determined. 相似文献
129.
130.
A series of polymer blends were designed and manufactured. They are composed of three phases: polypropylene (PP), polyamide-6 (PA6) and polyethylene-octene elastomer (POE) grafted with maleic anhydride. The weight fraction of PA6 was adjusted from 0 to 40% by increments of 10%, and the weight fraction of POE was systematically half that of PA6. The morphology, essentially made of PA6 particles dispersed in the PP matrix, was characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the extruded plates prepared with the blends, the shape of the dispersed PA6 particles showed an elongated ellipsoidal shape, whose aspect ratio increased somehow with alloying content. The POE modifier was observed both as a thin interlayer (less than 100 nm thickness) at the PP/PA6 interface, and as a few isolated particles. The elastic modulus and yield stress in tension are nearly constant for PP and blends. By contrast, the notched Izod impact strength increases very much with alloying content. This remarkable effect is interpreted in terms of POE interphase cavitation, enhanced plastic shear deformation and resistance of PA6 particles to crack propagation. 相似文献