Specific consumption of liquid biofuels in gasoline fuelled engines

Oxygenated fuels increase fuel consumption due to their low enthalpy of combustion; however, their high antiknock index renders them suitable for use in engines with a high compression rate, increasing their thermal yield. This study evaluated the performance of biorenewable oxygenated fuels (ethanol and isoamyl alcohol) and partially renewable fuels (ETBE: ethyl tert-butyl ether, TAEE: tert-amyl ethyl ether and di-TAE: di-tert-amyl ether) with high degree of purity and in mixtures with automotive gasoline, based on tests with Otto cycle engines. Among the oxygenated fuels evaluated here, di-TAE was found to present the best characteristics of performance, both individually and in mixtures with gasoline.     

NIST 0:45 reflectometer

The NIST 0:45 reflectometer measures the spectral reflectance factor at an influx angle of 0° and an efflux angle of 45° of colored, nonfluorescent specimens at room temperature, with widths ranging from 3 to 10 cm and heights from 3 to 20 cm and with an uncertainty of less than 0.5 in color difference units. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 94–99, 2008     

Hochbelastbare kohlenstoffbasierte Mehrschichtsysteme für die Umformtechnik

Carbon based multilayer systems for highly loaded forming tools Amorphous hydrogenated carbon (metal‐free a‐C:H and metal‐containing a‐C:H:Me) films respond very sensitively to local overloads. For example during forming tool operations, hard abrasive particles and locally high stresses on the coating surface can cause crack initiation and early coating failure. Compared to the high hardness, wear resistance and excellent friction properties, in many cases the adhesion of a‐C:H films is relatively insufficient. Adhesion and overload resistance of a‐C:H and a‐C:H:Me, prepared by reactive sputtering, can be influenced in a wide range by different interlayer systems. In the present report the wear mechanism of amorphous carbon coatings and the influence of different metallic, metal nitride and metal carbide interlayers on the growth structure, the adhesion and the load resistance will be reported. Two well adapted multi‐coating systems, successfully tested for highly loaded tools and components, will be presented.     

Innovation By Half-Measures in German Manufacturing

The Paper develops a critique of industrial restructuring measures from the perspective of social innovation theory. Three kinds of industrial restructure are discussed: business process re-engineering; computer-integrated manufacturing; and lean production. The paper argues that the dominant approaches to these restructuring initiatives are socially deficient in that they do not draw on the full potential of the workforce.     

Design of a high-pressure ebulliometer,with vapor-liquid equilibrium results for the systems CHF2 Cl + CF3 CH3 and CF3 CH2 F + CH2F2

We describe the design and operation of a new high-pressure metal ebulliometer which can operate at pressures to at least 3 MPa in the range 220–400 K. Infinite-dilution activity coefficients are presented for the system CHF₂Cl + CF₃-CH, at 275 K and for the system CF₃-CH₂F + CH₂F₂, at 260, 230, and 300 K. The Wilson activity coellicient model and a virial coefficient model are applied to these systems, and the phase equilibrium conditions are calculated. The results are shown to agree well with predicted and with published measured values. The excess enthalpy is calculated and compared with results from a Peng Robinson equation of state. Vapor densities on the dew curves are given.     

Radiation effects in a model ceramic for nuclear waste disposal

The safe immobilization of nuclear waste in geological repositories is one of the major scientific challenges facing humanity today. Crystalline ceramics hold the promise of locking up actinides from nuclear fuel and excess weapons plutonium in their structure thereby isolating them from the environment. This paper presents the atomistic details of radiation damage in a model ceramic, zircon.     

0.27-dB/km attenuation achieved by MSP preform process [opticalfibers]

Mechanically shaped preforms (MSP) have been demonstrated to combine economic non-CVD (chemical vapor deposition) processing and low loss, with a published value of 0.63 dB/km and a size of 30 fkm/preform. Improved processing is proposed which results in a minimum loss of 0.27 dB/km at 1550 nm. Preforms capable of yielding 150 fkm have been produced. Reboiling during preform stretching and fiber pulling is identified as the last remaining problem of the process     

Artificial added mass instabilities in sequential staggered coupling of nonlinear structures and incompressible viscous flows

Within this paper the so-called artificial added mass effect is investigated which is responsible for devastating instabilities within sequentially staggered Fluid-structure Interaction (FSI) simulations where incompressible fluids are considered.A discrete representation of the added mass operator M_A is given and ‘instability conditions’ are evaluated for different temporal discretisation schemes. It is proven that for every sequentially staggered scheme and given spatial discretisation of a problem, a mass ratio between fluid and structural mass density can be found at which the coupled system becomes unstable. The analysis is quite general and does not depend upon the particular spatial discretisation schemes used. However here special attention is given to stabilised finite elements employed on the fluid partition. Numerical investigations further highlight the results.     

Determination of 5-methoxypsoralen in suntan cosmetics

A method for the determination of 5-methoxypsoralene in suntan-cosmetics is described. After liquid chromatographic clean-up, the final extract is screened by twodimensional thin layer chromatography. For positive extracts 5-methoxypsoralene is analysed quantitatively by capillary gas chromatography, using 5-alpha-cholestane as an internal standard and flame ionization detection (FID). The results were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recoveries for suntan-cosmetics of emulsion type were 70% and for tanning oils 90%. Detection limits of the method were 0,1 to 0,5 mg/kg, depending on the sample type. By application of this method 5-methoxypsoralene was detected in 6 of the 21 cosmetic products at levels up to 28 mg/kg.