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South Africa’s Reconstruction and Development Programme set ambitious goals for providing basic services to all, including housing and electrification. More efficient use of energy has the potential to socially and politically support these goals, particularly when it is targeted at low-income communities lacking adequate energy services. This paper examines the economics of energy efficiency for the urban poor from the perspective of society, utilities and poor consumers, using five example programmes. While the five energy efficiency programmes generally have significant economic and environmental benefits from a social perspective, they may not be as attractive to utilities and consumers. Also examined are the policy options for overcoming the significant barriers to energy efficiency, and ways government can bridge the gap between what is good for society and what is good for the electricity industry.  相似文献   
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The effect of a range of organic additives on the thermal stability of poly(vinyl chloride), both with and without a chloroparaffin extender, was studied using a number of experimental techniques. Of the additives used the best overall balance was provided by pentaerythritol, which increased stability when the extender was present and had no effect when it was absent. The congo red test emerged as the most suitable technique, being consistent and inexpensive and able to screen several additives simultaneously. Isothermal differential thermal analysis correlated with the congo red test but required more expensive equipment, was time-consuming and demanded good mixing of the poly(vinyl chloride) compound to give reproducible results. Thermogravimetry was not sufficiently sensitive and the heat stability test was the least useful of all.  相似文献   
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The bubble eater is a device which can sense, capture, and recycle bubble gas in a bubbling fluidized bed. The theory describing the enhancement of reactant gas conversion are presented and illustrated by means of a numerical example.  相似文献   
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Rotaviruses are the leading cause and coronaviruses are the major contributors of acute gastroenteritis in the young of various mammalian and avian species. Despite numerous trials and decades of research, vaccines have limited efficacy particularly for calves. As an alternative method of controlling infection, we have investigated broad spectrum antiviral agents that are not discriminatory among various viruses. This report involves testing a variety of adsorbent agents including charcoal, clay, and clay minerals to adsorb rotavirus and coronavirus in vitro. Results revealed that all the adsorbent agents had good to excellent capability of adsorbing rotavirus and excellent capability of adsorbing coronavirus. Percent adsorptions ranged from 78.74% to 99.89% for rotavirus and 99.99% for coronavirus; while sand (negative control) was < 0.01%. A high affinity binding was present as determined by a low percent desorption (0.06-3.09%). However, the adsorbent bound virus complex retained, and may have actually enhanced, infectivity.  相似文献   
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During a flight over sea, the right-hand trailing-edge flap (TEF) from an RAAF F/A-18 separated. Although the flap was not recovered, the mode of failure suggested that the outboard hinge lug was first to fail. A fleet-wide inspection of the TEF outer hinge lugs disclosed two other cracked hinge lugs. Examination of these cracks revealed that they had propagated as the result of a combination of corrosion and fatigue, in that the corrosive environment appeared to have accelerated the fatigue crack growth rate. Laboratory experiments indicated that, in a salt solution, the 7050 aluminium alloy from which the lugs were manufactured is susceptible to corrosion fatigue and that the observed cracking matched that on the cracked lugs: corrosion fatigue was therefore suspected to have been a contributing factor in the unexpected failure. Quantitative fractography on the fatigue cracks, combined with several assumptions and deductions, including information about the failure size of the crack gained from witness marks found on the monoball bearing of the failed TEF, led to an estimate of the fatigue crack growth rate. This crack growth rate and the short service life clearly indicated the limitations of the then-current non-destructive inspection (NDI) technique, and a more sensitive inspection method was developed to assist in the maintenance of adequate RAAF flying hours between inspections. This failure investigation provided an excellent example of how fractography, laboratory experiments and NDI can be combined to determine a possible cause of failure and to establish remedial measures for the fleet.  相似文献   
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An implementation of the Pentium microprocessor architecture in 0.6 μm BiCMOS technology is described. Power dissipation is reduced and performance is enhanced over the previous generation. Processor features, implementation technology, and circuit techniques are discussed. An internal clock rate of 150 MHz is achieved at 3.7 V and -55°C  相似文献   
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