THE VOCATIONAL INTERESTS OF WOMEN IN PSYCHOLOGY: 1942-66.

380 FEMALE PSYCHOLOGISTS WERE ADMINISTERED THE SVIB IN 1942. IN 1966, 81% OF THE 178 WHO WERE STILL AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) MEMBERS AND 275 CURRENT MEMBERS OF APA COMPLETED THE SVIB. COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE 3 PROFILES SHOWED FEW VOCATIONAL INTEREST CHANGES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CONTEXT CUES AS MEDIATORS: I. THREE-STAGE PARADIGMS.

TESTED THE EFFECT OF COLOR AS A MEDIATOR IN PAIRED-ASSOCIATE LEARNING IN 4 EXPERIMENTS WITH 120 STUDENTS UTILIZING STIMULUS EQUIVALENCE, RESPONSE EQUIVALENCE, AND CHAINING PARADIGMS. A COLOR WAS PRESENTED ADJACENT TO 2 DIFFERENT ITEMS IN THE LEARNING OF LIST 1. BY EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS. ITEMS COUPLED WITH THE SAME COLOR WERE PAIRED IN LIST 2. THE DIFFERENCE IN LEARNING SCORES ON LIST 2 BETWEEN THE MEDIATION PAIRS AND NEW OR CONTROL PAIRS GENERALLY INDICATED THAT MEDIATION EFFECTS OCCURRED IN THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS AS COMPARED TO 2 CONTROL GROUPS. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CAPACITY FOR SELF-DIRECTION.

A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF SELF-DESCRIPTIVE ESSAYS WRITTEN BY STUDENTS 13 OF WHOM WERE SUBSEQUENTLY SUCCESSFUL AND 11 UNSUCCESSFUL SS IN ATTAINING SELF-DIRECTED BEHAVIOR-CHANGE GOALS REVEALED: (1) HIGH-CHANGE SS MORE FREQUENTLY STATED GOALS, WITH IMPLICIT RECOGNITION THAT THE GOAL HAD NOT YET BEEN ATTAINED; (2) LOW-CHANGE SS MORE FREQUENTLY DESCRIBED THEMSELVES WITH LITTLE RECOGNITION OF ALTERNATIVE POSSIBILITIES, AND (3) LOW-CHANGE SS SHOWED MORE TENTATIVENESS AND UNCERTAINTY ABOUT THEMSELVES (IDENTITY DIFFUSION). THE FINDINGS WERE CROSS-VALIDATED IN A 2ND SAMPLE OF 9 SUCCESSFUL AND 22 UNSUCCESSFUL SS. RESULTS SUGGEST THAT SUCCESSFUL SELF-DIRECTED CHANGE IS MOTIVATED BY AWARENESS OF THE COGNITIVE DISSONANCE CREATED WHEN AN INDIVIDUAL COMMITS HIMSELF TO A VALUED GOAL THAT HE SEES AS DIFFERENT FROM HIS PRESENT BEHAVIOR. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Information synthesis based on hierarchical maximum entropy discretization

Abstract

This paper outlines a new approach to the synthesis of information from data. Information is defined as a detected organization of data after a process of discretization (or partitioning) and event covering. The discretization is based on a hierarchical maximum entropy scheme which iteratively minimizes the loss of information according to Shannon. The event-covering process is based on an evaluation of the deviation of the observed frequencies of an event from the expectation due to prior knowledge (defined by the null hypothesis and/or domain knowledge). The hierarchical maximum entropy discretization scheme provides a rigorous and efficient way in solving the non-uniform scaling problem in multivariate data analysis. Because our method refines the boundaries dynamically depending on the detection of information, it directs the analysis on the outcome subspace with high information content. In addition, it naturally produces a hierarchical view of information so that data can be analyzed/synthesized with respect to an outcome context. The method has been tested using simulated and real life data with very good result.     

Remote sensing of wave patterns with oceanographic implications

Abstract

First, a general review is presented of wave-current interaction processes ( for horizontal shears) and their effect on radar backscatter and radar imagery ( SAR/ RAR ) Then numerical results on the refraction of wave energy trajectories by complex bottom topography (finite depth) and a linear shear current are presented. For deep water, the wave-energy trajectories are given for mesoscale currents ( e.g. eddies and double-vortex configurations). The focusing of wave energy by variable currents found here should have important influence on the spatial scale of wind stress over the ocean, and on optical and acoustic properties of the upper layer of the ocean.     

CIPHER MACHINE INVENTOR - BORIS HAGELIN DIES

Abstract

The article discusses the late Cold War joint Polish security and East German Stasi signals intelligence operation against U.S. wireless communications lines in light of the files available at the Polish Institute of National Remembrance. It emphasizes the factors that contributed to the unsuccessful outcome of their efforts. The text also briefs measures related to signals intelligence and operational security applied by the communist secret services.     

Climate change and the response of forests

Abstract

The global climate has warmed by over 0·5°C during the last 125 years. Models of the Earth's temperature reponse to increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases estimate that the average global surface temperature will rise about 4°C by the mid twenty-first century. High latitudes will warm more than lower latitudes and winters more than summers. Forests will undergo enormous changes as temperatures increase and precipitation patterns shift. It is doubtful that forest movement will meet the rate of climate change. Many sensitive hardwood tree species, such as paper and yellow birch, sugar maple and black ash, may die. Boreal forests will replace tundra and mixed hardwood forests will replace them. Much of the change expected in the location and composition of forests may be detected by means of remote sensing.     

Analysis of digital LANDSAT MSS and SEASAT SAR data for use in discriminating land cover at the urban fringe of Denver,Colorado

Digital SEASAT synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and LANDSAT multispectral scanner (MSS) data were evaluated to determine their utility to discriminate suburban and regional cover in the eastern fringe area of the Denver, Colorado, metropolitan area. The primary emphasis of the study was land-cover discrimination performance of MSS versus SAR and SAR/MSS combined. In addition, both a median-filtering and a data-smoothing procedure were tested in an attempt to increase the spectral separability between land-use/land-cover classes for SAR data. The results indicated that analysis of LANDSAT MSS data alone provided a significantly (α = 0·05) higher overall classification accuracy or improved spectral class separation than the best SEASAT SAR classification. However, when using LANDSAT MSS and SEASAT SAR data simultaneously, a significant increase in classification accuracy was obtained. Analysis indicated that SEASAT SAR data provided a measure of surface geometry that complemented the reflective characteristics of LANDSAT MSS visible and near-infrared data. Smoothing and median filtering provided significant improvement in classification accuracy over non-filtered SAR data.