应用改进后的热电偶提高热处理效率

为了有效地实施热处理工艺,温度测量及控制的好坏至关重要。在这篇文章里,作者分析了当前生产中影响热处理质量的两个主要因素。第一是,传统的镍基热电偶的物理性能和热电性能较差,如果使用最近在澳大利亚发明的一种Nicrosil合金铠装的MIMS传感器,便可在很大程度上克服镍基热电偶的缺陷,第二是,     

耐高温电工/机械用层压板的评定

引言电气工业中的很多场合要求采用既承受机械负荷并起电气绝缘作用的材料,例如用作电工结构件的场合,包括定子线棒的支撑系统、槽衬、转子的衬垫绝缘和绑扎环。为了满足这些场合对电气和机械性能的要求,通常必须兼顾材料这两方面的性能,新材料的发展就不需太多的去考虑这个问题,因为这些新材料的机械强度提高了而其绝缘性能又不降低。几年来,有补强材料的云母制品已能满足这些使用要求,但是云母片或云母纸做成     

Proteins as biomarkers of oxidative/nitrosative stress in diseases: the contribution of redox proteomics

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) contribute to the pathogenesis and/or progression of several human diseases. Proteins are important molecular signposts of oxidative/nitrosative damage. However, it is generally unresolved whether the presence of oxidatively/nitrosatively modified proteins has a causal role or simply reflects secondary epiphenomena. Only direct identification and characterization of the modified protein(s) in a given pathophysiological condition can decipher the potential roles played by ROS/RNS-induced protein modifications. During the last few years, mass spectrometry (MS)-based technologies have contributed in a significant way to foster a better understanding of disease processes. The study of oxidative/nitrosative modifications, investigated by redox proteomics, is contributing to establish a relationship between pathological hallmarks of disease and protein structural and functional abnormalities. MS-based technologies promise a contribution in a new era of molecular medicine, especially in the discovery of diagnostic biomarkers of oxidative/nitrosative stress, enabling early detection of diseases. Indeed, identification and characterization of oxidatively/nitrosatively modified proteins in human diseases has just begun.     

美国加州活动断层探测及其成果应用

正引言本文简要介绍美国,特别是加利福尼亚州,活动断层探测填图及其成果在抗震减灾中的应用。为避免由地震产生的地表破裂对建筑物造成的直接破坏,加州州政府在1972年颁布了《AlquistPriolo地震断层区划法》(以下简称"AP法")。此后开始对活动断层系统探测并填制大比例尺活动断层分布图。截至目前,美国积累了大量有关发震断层的空间分布、几何特征及活动参数的资     

Evolution of the source apportionment of the lipidic fraction from sediments along the Fensch River, France: a multimolecular approach

The Fensch River (FR) is one of the most contaminated rivers in France due to the population density and the concentration of industrial activities in this small watershed area. From upstream to downstream, the organic matter extracted from sediments has been analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and molecules have been quantified and classified into natural, petrogenic, pyrogenic and sewage water (SW) markers. Upstream the river, anthropogenic molecules are already predominant and represent 87.1% of the molecules quantified. This proportion increases from upstream to downstream and rises to 96.8% at the confluence of the FR with the Moselle River. In the upper part of the FR the contamination is mainly due to human waste (coprostanol: 36.44 microg/g; 42.1% of anthropogenic markers). In the lower part, the contribution of SW markers decreases from 42.1 to 2.4% and the proportion of pyrogenic molecules increases from 29.6 to 59.6%. The major sources of pyrogenic organic matter have been determined by calculation of specific ratios on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and by comparison with reported data. Coal tar, road runoff and atmospheric depositions of urban particles seem to be the major pyrogenic sources. Along the river, the proportion of petrogenic molecules remains constant and those molecules seem to be mainly inherited from road runoff, in the upper part of the FR. Industrial lubricants that occur in steel plant sludge are an additional source in the lower part of the river.     

Concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon in UK topsoils

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in soil water samples collected from depths of 5 to 20 cm at 10 moorland and 11 forest sites during the period 2000-2006 were obtained from new measurements and from the monitoring programmes of the UK Environmental Change Network and the International Cooperative Programme (ICP) on Forests. Data on soil properties and vegetation type were also assembled. Considering data from Prenart tension collectors, which were used at nearly all the sites, mean annual concentrations ranged from 1.3 to 97.5 g m(-3) with means of 19.5 (standard deviation 15.2) and 27.6 (SD 23.3) g m(-3) for moorland and forest sites respectively. Interannual mean DOC concentration at an individual site varied by only 1.5-fold, averaged over all sites with at least three years' data. Concentrations during summer months (April to September) were on average 17% greater than those in winter (October to March). If data from two sites (the single peatland and an unusual forest site) were ignored, DOC concentrations were strongly inversely related to water flux, estimated from rainfall and evaporation data. Fluxes of DOC, calculated by combining concentration with water flux, ranged from 2.2 to 71.9 gC m(-2) yr(-1) over all sites and years, with overall means of 19.2 (SD 13.6) and 12.2 (SD 13.9) gC m(-2) yr(-1) for the moorland and forest sites respectively. However, if the two exceptional sites were omitted, the overall mean was 9.1 gC m(-)(2) yr(-1) with a standard deviation of only 4.9 gC m(-2) yr(-1). Annual DOC flux was strongly dependent upon annual water flux, varying by 3.5-fold between years when averaged over all sites. On average, 75.5% of the DOC was exported during the winter period (October to March).     

Runoff of pharmaceuticals and personal care products following application of biosolids to an agricultural field

Municipal biosolids are a source of nutrients for crop production. Beneficial Management Practices (BMPs) can be used to minimize the risk of contamination of adjacent water resources with chemical or microbial agents that are of public or environmental health concern. In this field study, we applied biosolids slurry at a commercial rate using either subsurface injection or broadcast application followed by incorporation. Precipitation was simulated at 1, 3, 7, 22, 36 and 266 days post-application on 2 m² microplots to evaluate surface runoff of 9 model pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), atenolol, carbamazepine, cotinine, gemfibrozil, naproxen, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, sulfamethoxazole and triclosan. In runoff from the injected plots, concentrations of the model PPCPs were generally below the limits of quantitation. In contrast, in the broadcast application treatment, the concentrations of atenolol, carbamazepine, cotinine, gemfibrozil, naproxen, sulfamethoxazole and triclosan on the day following application ranged from 70-1477 ng L^− 1 in runoff and generally declined thereafter with first order kinetics. The total mass of PPCPs mobilized in surface runoff per m² of the field ranged from 0.63 µg for atenolol to 21.1 µg for ibuprofen. For ibuprofen and acetaminophen, concentrations in runoff first decreased and then increased, suggesting that these drugs were initially chemically or physically sequestered in the biosolids slurry, and subsequently released in the soil. Carbamazepine and triclosan were detected at low concentrations in a runoff event 266 days after broadcast application. Overall, this study showed that injection of biosolids slurry below the soil surface could effectively eliminate surface runoff of PPCPs.     

Comparison of coagulation performance and floc properties using a novel zirconium coagulant against traditional ferric and alum coagulants

Coagulation in drinking water treatment has relied upon iron (Fe) and aluminium (Al) salts throughout the last century to provide the bulk removal of contaminants from source waters containing natural organic matter (NOM). However, there is now a need for improved treatment of these waters as their quality deteriorates and water quality standards become more difficult to achieve. Alternative coagulant chemicals offer a simple and inexpensive way of doing this. In this work a novel zirconium (Zr) coagulant was compared against traditional Fe and Al coagulants. The Zr coagulant was able to provide between 46 and 150% lower dissolved organic carbon (DOC) residual in comparison to the best traditional coagulant (Fe). In addition floc properties were significantly improved with larger and stronger flocs forming when the Zr coagulant was used with the median floc sizes being 930 μm for Zr; 710 μm for Fe and 450 μm for Al. In pilot scale experiments, a similar improved NOM and particle removal was observed. The results show that when optimised for combined DOC removal and low residual turbidity, the Zr coagulant out-performed the other coagulants tested at both bench and pilot scale.     

谈今后十年美国水泥工业的发展

我们如何看待今后十年美国的水泥工业? 噢,我们是什么情况呢? 首先,1980年将是一个好的年头。第二,美国从1981年到1986年,生产的每吨水泥在国內市场上将得到充分利用。第三,世界范围的缩减石油与能源,将重新安排整个出口,其中包括水泥的出口。第四,从1981年到1989年,70％耗热能高的水泥厂将停止生产。     

全球背景中的城市：学术史概要

学者们研究全球背景中的城市几乎与研究城市的时间一样长（Weber．1927：Pirenne．1936）。在早期有关城市的作品中．”全球城市”的概念未必使用过．但是国际金融市场联系与贸易关系却是存在的。在许多早期作品中．城市的物质、社会和经济变迁与国家和国际的政治环境——从封建专制主义秩序的灭亡（weber．1958）到现代民族国家的兴起（Tilly．1975；1990）——以及现代性的社会关系（Durkheim．1993：Simmel,1950）的出现紧密相连．