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51.
Mate selection can increase progency merit if overall merit is nonlinear for one or more component traits. An index of expected progeny merit could be calculated for all possible mating pairs, and the set of pairs with the highest progeny mean could be selected. There are serious computational problems for more than a few males and females. To select and mate f, females, and m, males, from n of each, with k0 females per male, would require (nf)(nm)f!/(k0!)m evaluations. Linear programming algorithms can determine the optimal strategy efficiently by considering only a subset of these possibilities. Let pi ij be the index of progency merit of the ith sire mated to the jth dam and Xij be the decision variable for that mating (restricted to 0 or 1). Then the problem of selecting mating pairs can be stated as: maximize sigma i sigma j pi ij Xij, subject to sigma i Xij less than or equal to 1, sigma j Xij less than or equal to k0, sigma i sigma j Xij = f, and Xij = 0 or 1. By including an artificial sire and an artificial dam and choosing appropriate merit values for the artificial matings, this problem can be solved by efficient "transportation" algorithms. These algorithms could be used to develop rational mating packages for dairy artificial insemination studs provided that an objective evaluation of progeny merit could be formulated, provided that merit is not simply additively inherited. 相似文献
52.
Shown is how correspondence analysis can be used to track changes in an individuals' sleep pattern. Correspondence analysis was applied to sleep stage transition matrices computed from all-night sleep of normal, obese, and apnoetic subjects. Differences between the groups, and intraindividual changes in sleep patterns could be visualized better than with a x2-based clustering approach. 相似文献
53.
Ineke D.C. Jansen Socrates E. Papapoulos Nathalie Bravenboer Teun J. de Vries Natasha M. Appelman-Dijkstra 《International journal of molecular sciences》2021,22(4)
Pycnodysostosis, a rare autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia, is caused by a deficiency of cathepsin K. Patients have impaired bone resorption in the presence of normal or increased numbers of multinucleated, but dysfunctional, osteoclasts. Cathepsin K degrades collagen type I and generates N-telopeptide (NTX) and the C-telopeptide (CTX) that can be quantified. Levels of these telopeptides are increased in lactating women and are associated with increased bone resorption. Nothing is known about the consequences of cathepsin K deficiency in lactating women. Here we present for the first time normalized blood and CTX measurements in a patient with pycnodysostosis, exclusively related to the lactation period. In vitro studies using osteoclasts derived from blood monocytes during lactation and after weaning further show consistent bone resorption before and after lactation. Increased expression of cathepsins L and S in osteoclasts derived from the lactating patient suggests that other proteinases could compensate for the lack of cathepsin K during the lactation period of pycnodysostosis patients. 相似文献
54.
The integration of reaction and separation in catalytic membrane reactors has received increasing attention during the past 30 years. The combination promises to deliver more compact and less capital-intensive processes with substantial savings in energy consumption. With the advent of new inorganic materials and processing techniques, there has been renewed interest in exploiting the benefits of membranes in many industrial applications. Zeolite membranes, however, have only recently been considered for catalytic membrane reactor applications. Despite the significant recent interest in these types of membranes there are relatively few reports of the application of such membranes in high-temperature catalytic membrane reactor applications. This can be attributed to a number of limitations that still need to be addressed such as the relatively high price of membrane units, the difficulty of controlling the membrane thickness, permeance, high-temperature sealing, reproducibility and the dilemma of upscaling. A number of research efforts, with some degree of success have been directed to finding solutions to the remaining challenges. This review makes a critical assessment of what has been achieved in the past few years in terms of hurdles that still stand in the way of the successful implementation of zeolite membrane reactors in industry. 相似文献
55.
Johannes C. Jansen Marialuigia Macchione Raniero Mendichi Enrico Drioli 《Polymer》2005,46(25):11366-11379
Asymmetric gas separation membranes were prepared by the dry-casting technique from PEEKWC, a modified amorphous glassy poly(ether ether ketone). The phase inversion process and membrane performance were correlated to the properties of the polymer and the casting solution (molar mass, polymer concentration, solution rheology and thermodynamics). It was found that a broad molar mass distribution of the polymer in the casting solution is most favourable for the formation of a highly selective membrane with a dense skin and a porous sub-layer. Thus, membranes with an effective skin thickness of less than 1 μm were obtained, exhibiting a maximum O2/N2 selectivity of 7.2 and a CO2/CH4 selectivity of 39, both significantly higher than in a corresponding thick dense PEEKWC membrane and also comparable to or higher than that of the most commonly used polymers for gas separation membranes. The CO2 and O2 permeance were up to 9.5×10−3 and 1.8×10−3 m3/(m2 h bar) (3.5 and 0.67 GPU), respectively. 相似文献
56.
Electrocopolymerization of a binary mixture of 3‐chloroaniline and 2‐amino‐4‐phenylthiazole on platinum electrode in acid medium was carried out under different reaction conditions such as temperature, current density, hydrochloric acid, and monomer concentrations with duration time. The initial rate of the electrocopolymerization reaction on platinum electrode is small and the rate law is Rp = K2 [D]1.29[HCl]0.97[M]1.94. The apparent activation energy is found to be 38.87 kJ/mol. The obtained copolymer film is characterized by 1H‐NMR, elemental analysis, GPC IR, UV‐visible, and cyclic voltammetry and compared with those of the two homopolymers. The mechanism of the electrocopolymerization reaction is also discussed and the monomer reactivity ratio (r1and r2) is calculated. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is used to confirm the proposed structure and determination of the number of water molecules in the polymeric chain unit. X‐ray and scanning electron microscopic analysis are used to investigate the surface morphology. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2076–2087, 2005 相似文献
57.
58.
I. V. Kozhevnikov A. Sinnema R. J. J. Jansen K. Pamin H. van Bekkum 《Catalysis Letters》1994,30(1-4):241-252
New solid acid catalysts, consisting of heteropoly acid (HPA) H3PW12O40 (PW) supported on a mesoporous pure-silica molecular sieve MCM-41, have been prepared and characterized by nitrogen physisorption, X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, and31P magic angle spinning NMR. The PW/MCM-41 compositions with PW loadings from 10 to 50 wt% have 30 Å uniformly-sized mesopores. HPA retains the Keggin structure on the MCM-41 surface and forms finely dispersed HPA species. No HPA crystal phase is developed even at HPA loadings as high as 50 wt%. PW/MCM-41 exhibits higher catalytic activity than H2SO4 or bulk PW in liquid-phase alkylation of 4-t-butylphenol (TBP) by isobutene and styrene. In the alkylation of TBP by styrene, PW/MCM-41 shows a size selectivity compared to bulk PW and PW/SiO2, providing higher yields of a 2-(1-phenylethyl)-4-t-butylphenol, at the expense of the more bulky 2,6-bis-(1-phenylethyl)-4-t-butylphenol. The PW/MCM-41 compositions, having strong acid sites and a regular mesoporous system, are promising catalysts for the acid-type conversion and formation of organic compounds of large molecular size. 相似文献
59.
The impedance rise that results from the accelerated aging of high-power lithium-ion cells containing LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2-based positive and graphite-based negative electrodes is dominated by contributions from the positive electrode. Data from various diagnostic experiments have indicated that a general degradation of the ionic pathway, apparently caused by surface film formation on the oxide particles, produces the positive electrode interface rise. One mechanistic hypothesis postulates that these surface films are components of the negative electrode solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer that migrate through the electrolyte and separator and subsequently coat the positive electrode. This hypothesis is examined in this article by subjecting cells with LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2-based positive and Li4/3Ti5/3O4-based negative electrodes to accelerated aging. The impedance rise in these cells was observed to be almost entirely from the positive electrode. Because reduction products are not expected on the 1.55 V Li4/3Ti5/3O4 electrode, the positive electrode impedance cannot be attributed to the migration of SEI-type fragments from the negative electrode. It follows then that the impedance rise results from mechanisms that are “intrinsic” to the positive electrode. 相似文献
60.
Miche Jansen Boyan S. Lazarov Mattias Schevenels Ole Sigmund 《Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization》2013,48(4):717-730
The aim of this paper is to incorporate a model for micro/nano lithography production processes in topology optimization. The production process turns out to provide a physical analogy for projection filters in topology optimization. Blueprints supplied by the designers cannot be directly used as inputs to lithographic processes due to the proximity effect which causes rounding of sharp corners and geometric interaction of closely spaced design elements. Therefore, topology optimization is applied as a tool for proximity effect correction. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the robust projection filter can be used to account for uncertainties due to lithographic production processes which results in manufacturable blueprint designs and eliminates the need for subsequent corrections. 相似文献