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11.
S. O. Hyatt B. S. Chao H. Yamauchi 《Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics》1992,3(1):41-47
TiN films were deposited on (100)-Si substrates by RF-reactive sputtering. The effects of processing parameters and substrate orientation on the stoichiometry, resistivity and microstructure of reactively sputtered TiN thin films were investigated. The RF-power was fixed at 50 W, and the nitrogen content in the working gas was adjusted so that target nitridation occurred at a relatively low nitrogen content, 2.6% N2, in a fixed total flow rate of gases of 46.25 standard cubic centimetres (sccm). The N2 percentage was varied from 2.6% to 15.4%. The films were continuous and 200 nm thick. Films deposited with the substrate facing the target exhibited 111-texturing, while films on substrates lying in the same plane of the target surface had 100-texturing. Both X-rays photoelectron spectroscopy and high-resolution detailed scans of the Auger electron energy spectrum were used for the stoichiometry determination. On the 100-textured TiN films, the N/Ti ratio was 1.0 at low N2 flow rates; the N/Ti ratio rapidly increased with N2 flow rate, and then levelled off. The films had resistivities ranging from 85 to 1340 µ cm, and the functional dependence of both N/Ti and the resistivity values behaved similarly with increasing N2. X-ray single-line profile analysis of the 200-reflection indicated that the average crystallite size decreased and the average strain increased with increasing nitrogen content in the working gas. The Si/TiN structures were heat treated in the temperature range from 300 to 600°C in a quartz tube under 1 atm (105Pa) of flowing high purity Ar gas. Heat treatment at 300°C did not affect the TiN film integrity, while treatment at 400–600°C resulted in void-type defects. 相似文献
12.
In laboratory experiments conducted to compare the kairomonal activity forMicroplitis croceipes (Cresson) of frass fromHeliothis zea (Boddie) larvae fed on different host plants,M. croceipes females responded to extracts of frass from larvae reared on cotton or soybeans but not on corn. The lack of response to frass from larvae reared on corn was shown to be a result of a lack of some appropriate chemical(s) in the corn.Lepidoptera: Noctuidae.Hymenoptera: Braconidae.In cooperation with the University of Georgia College of Agriculture Experiment Stations, Coastal Plain Station, Tifton, Georgia 31793. Accepted for publication February 9, 1981.Mention of a proprietary product in this paper does not constitute an endorsement by this product by the USDA. 相似文献
13.
Ritesh Rawal Antonio Feteira Alberto Arenas Flores Neil C. Hyatt Anthony R. West Derek C. Sinclair Kumaravinothan Sarma Neil McN. Alford 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2006,89(1):336-339
The dielectric properties of dense ceramics of the "twinned" 8H-hexagonal perovskite Ba8 Nb4 Ti3 O24 are reported. Single-phase powders were obtained from the mixed-oxide route at 1325°C and ceramics (>92% of the theoretical X-ray density) by sintering in air or flowing O2 at 1400°–1450°C. The ceramics are dc insulators with a band gap >3.4 eV that resonate at microwave frequencies with relative permittivity, ɛr ∼44–48, quality factor, Q × f r ∼21 000–23 500 GHz (at f r ∼5.5 GHz) and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency, TC f ,∼+115 ppm/K. 相似文献
14.
Lewis R. Blackburn Shi-Kuan Sun Laura J. Gardner Ewan R. Maddrell Martin C. Stennett Claire L. Corkhill Neil C. Hyatt 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2021,104(7):2937-2951
A series of zirconolite ceramics with composition CaZr1-xThxTi2O7 (Δx = 0.10) were reactively sintered at 1350°C for 20 h, in air (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.60) and 5% H2/N2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.40). A sample with composition corresponding to x = 0.20 was also produced by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) at 1300°C and 100 MPa for 4 hours. Th4+ immobilization was most readily achieved under oxidizing conditions, with Th4+ preferentially incorporated within a pyrochlore-structured phase in the range 0.10 ≤ x ≤ 0.50, yet formation of the zirconolite-4M polytype was not observed. We report the novel synthesis of single-phase pyrochlore with nominal composition CaZr0.40Th0.60Ti2O7 when targeting x = 0.60. Th4+ incorporation under reducing conditions produced a secondary Th-bearing perovskite, comprising 24.2 ± 0.6 wt% of the phase assemblage when targeting x = 0.40, alongside 8.8 ± 0.3 wt% undigested ThO2. Under reducing conditions, powder XRD data were consistent with zirconolite adopting the 3T polytype structure. The sample produced by HIP presented a nonequilibrium phase assemblage, yielding a major phase of zirconolite-2M alongside accessory Th4+-bearing phases ThTi2O6, ThO2, and perovskite. These data highlight the efficacy of Th4+ as a Pu4+ surrogate, with implications for the formation of Zr-stabilized Th-pyrochlore phases as matrices for waste with elevated Th4+ content. 相似文献
15.
Guoqun Zhao Ed Wright Ramana V. Grandhi 《International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture》1997,37(9):1251-1271
A sensitivity analysis method for preform die shape design in net-shape forging processes is developed in this paper using the rigid viscoplastic finite element method. The preform die shapes are represented by cubic B-spline curves. The control points or coefficients of B-spline are used as the design variables. The optimization problem is to minimize the zone where the realized and desired final forging shapes do not coincide. The sensitivities of the objective function, nodal coordinates and nodal velocities with respect to the design variables are developed in detail. A procedure for computing the sensitivities of history-dependent functions is presented. The remeshing procedure and the interpolation/transfer of the history-dependent parameters, such as effective strain, are stated. The procedures of sensitivity analysis based preform die design are also described. In addition, a method for the adjustment of the volume loss resulting from the finite element analysis is given in order to make the workpiece volume consistent in each optimization iteration. The method developed in this paper is used to design the preform die shape of H-shaped forging processes, including plane strain and axisymmetric deformations. The results show that a flashless forging with a complete die fill is realized using the optimized preform die shape. 相似文献
16.
Guoqun Zhao Ed Wright Ramana V. Grandhi 《International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture》1995,35(9)
This paper presents a preform design method which employs an alternative boundary node release criterion in the finite element simulation of backward deformation of forging processes. The method makes use of the shape complexity factor which provides an effective measure of forging difficulty. The objective is to release die contacting nodes in a sequence which will minimize the geometric complexity throughout the backward deformation simulation. This is done by calculating the effect of releasing each of a select group of boundary element nodes at each finite element solution step. The particular detached node which results in the minimum shape complexity factor will be released for the current step. This process continues for each backward step until the last few nodes remain in contact. This design method is demonstrated through the simulated forging of an integrated blade and rotor turbine disk blank. A preform shape developed by this method is compared with an empirically designed preform. Performance parameters for comparison include die fill, flash volume, effective strain variance, frictional power and die load. Comparing the results of the forward simulations indicates improved performance of the preform design using FEM based backward deformation method over that of the empirical design. 相似文献
17.
Ed Tallent 《国际互联网参考资料服务季刊》2013,18(3):83-89
Abstract Inter-play, an on-line index to plays in collections, anthologies and periodicals, provides easy access to the locations of printed plays by making citations for the location(s) of each play searchable by author and/or title. The process of converting the original card file play index into an electronic database available on the World Wide Web is described. The index has been designed to provide easy access to and broad coverage of available plays. New titles are added to the file on a regular basis, placing this Web publication squarely in the electronic journal arena. 相似文献
18.
Kirk Weller Ilana Arnon Ed Dubinsky 《Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics, & Technology Education》2013,13(2):129-159
Abstract In an earlier study of preservice elementary and middle school teachers’ beliefs about repeating decimals, Weller, Arnon, and Dubinsky (2009) reported on a comparison of the mathematical performance of 77 preservice teachers who completed an APOS-based instructional unit with 127 preservice teachers who completed traditional instruction. The purpose of the current study, based on 47 interviews conducted 4 months after the instruction, during which time there was no further instruction on this topic, is to determine the strength and stability (over time) of the students’ beliefs, to uncover thinking that did not arise in the earlier study, and to see whether the interviews yield similar comparative results. The interviews did uncover changes in student thinking. The students who received the APOS-based instruction developed stronger and more stable (over time) beliefs that a repeating decimal is a number; a repeating decimal has a fraction or integer to which it corresponds; a repeating decimal in general equals its corresponding fraction or integer; and, in particular, In addition, a number of indices and categories were developed that may prove useful in other studies consisting of the comparison of interview and questionnaire data involving a large number of interview subjects. 相似文献
19.
Tom Martin Kahyun Kim Jason Forsyth Lisa McNair Eloise Coupey Ed Dorsa 《Personal and Ubiquitous Computing》2013,17(3):465-478
This paper reports on a design experience for undergraduates in computer engineering, industrial design, and marketing that focuses on pervasive computing devices. Across a broad range of targeted application areas and user groups, many of the student designs have been wearable computers. Consequently, our course will be of interest to the wearable computing community, particularly in terms of our aim of bridging the gap between design and engineering. For the two most recent offerings of the course, we have utilized external observers and surveyed the students in order to validate the impact of aspects of our process and changes to it. This paper is based upon 5 years of experience and 2 years of analysis of our course, and it presents an overview of our process with both qualitative and quantitative results from these two most recent offerings. 相似文献
20.
This paper is concerned with the derivation of infinite schedules for timed automata that are in some sense optimal. To cover
a wide class of optimality criteria we start out by introducing an extension of the (priced) timed automata model that includes
both costs and rewards as separate modelling features. A precise definition is then given of what constitutes optimal infinite
behaviours for this class of models. We subsequently show that the derivation of optimal non-terminating schedules for such
double-priced timed automata is computable. This is done by a reduction of the problem to the determination of optimal mean-cycles
in finite graphs with weighted edges. This reduction is obtained by introducing the so-called corner-point abstraction, a
powerful abstraction technique of which we show that it preserves optimal schedules.
This work has been mostly done while visiting CISS at Aalborg University in Denmark and has been supported by CISS and by
ACI Cortos, a program of the French Ministry of Research. 相似文献