Residual toughness of poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS) after fatigue loading—effect of uniaxial fatigue loading

Toughness variation of non-notched poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS) subjected to uniaxial fatigue loading was investigated. The experiments were conducted by applying fatigue loading to strip specimens first, from which dog-bone specimens were machined. The dog-bone specimens were tested to measure the strain for the on-set of fracture, named cracking strain here, thus to monitor the toughness change due to the fatigue loading.The test results showed that the fatigue loading caused the toughness drop in ABS, even before any visible crack was developed. Damage development and fracture behavior were then analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM analysis revealed that damage zones, not cracks, were initiated during the fatigue loading, and were the main cause of the toughness drop. Mechanisms for the damage initiation include matrix crazing and debonding of small rubber particles; however, large rubber particles remained intact. Based on the results, a deformation model is proposed for the damage zone initiation, which provides an explanation for the toughness change under the fatigue loading.     

Hydrogen gas pick-up mechanism of Al-alloy melt during Lost Foam Casting

The hydrogen gas pick-up problem that can occur during Lost Foam Casting was investigated with reduced pressure tests and real castings.The initial hydrogen concentration of the melt and the contact time between melt and polystyrene had a main effect on the hydrogen gas pick-up of Al melt. The hydrogen gas pick-up of Al alloy depended also on pouring temperature and a proper metal front temperature gave the minimum hydrogen pick-up. At a low pouring temperature, the hydrogen went into the melt mainly from entrapped liquid product of polystyrene but at high pouring temperature it was by the gas as well as the liquid product. The mold flask evacuation down to 710 torr decreased the gas porosity down by around 0.4 vol%. The permeability of coating thickness had a great effect because it affects the filling time and the easy removal of liquid polystyrene.     

Effects of grain sizes, shapes, and distribution on minimum sizes of representative volume elements of cubic polycrystals

In the literature the concept of representative volume element (RVE) was introduced to correlate the effective or macroscopic properties of materials with the properties of the microscopic constituents and microscopic structures of the materials. However, to date little quantitative knowledge is available about minimum RVE sizes of various engineering materials. In our recent paper [J. Mech. Phys. Solids 50 (2002) 881], a new definition of minimum RVE size was introduced based on the concept of nominal modulus. Numerical experiments using the finite element method (FEM) were then carried out for determining the minimum RVE sizes of more than 500 cubic polycrystals in the plane stress problem, under the assumption that all grains in a polycrystal have the same square shape––called the simple polycrystal model. The major finding is that the minimum RVE sizes for effective elastic moduli have a roughly linear dependence on crystal anisotropy degrees. The present paper takes into account the effect of grain sizes, shapes, and distribution on the minimum RVE sizes for real cubic polycrystals that are formed by crystallization processes. Similar roughly linear dependence is found again, with the slope about 19% lower than that in the simple polycrystal model. This finding is interesting and useful because numerical experiments on minimum RVE sizes for a large number of crystals are quite time-consuming and the simple polycrystal model reduces significantly the FEM pre- and post-processing works. This should be particularly true in numerically testing minimum RVE sizes for three-dimensional polycrystals and for nonelastic properties in future works. With a maximum relative error 5%, all the polycrystals tested have a minimum RVE size of 16 or less times the grain size.     

A comparative study of numerical solutions to non-linear discrete crack modelling of concrete beams involving sharp snap-back

Numerical problems are often encountered in modelling crack propagation in concrete beams using non-linear finite element (FE) analysis, especially when sharp snap-back behaviour in load-displacement relations occurs. This paper firstly identifies 16 arc-length control based numerical strategies based on extensive literature review. They are then used to carefully model the structural behaviour of a four-point single notched shear beam using discrete crack modelling approach in which cracks are represented by interface elements with bilinear softening constitutive laws. Based on extensive FE analyses, detailed comparisons of the merits and demerits of these numerical algorithms are then made. The results indicate that the effectiveness and efficiency of different algorithms may vary considerably from one to another, with the local arc-length based procedures in conjunction with tangential stiffness strategy and reversible unloading model being the most robust.     

High-strain-rate superplasticity of nanocrystalline aluminum alloy 1570

The structure and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline aluminum alloy 1570 obtained by means of severe plastic deformation have been studied. Being tested in a temperature range from 300 to 400°C, the alloy exhibits high-strain-rate superplasticity. At 400°C, the superplasticity is manifested in a very broad range of strain rates, extending from 5 × 10^?3 to 1 s^?1.     

Towards real-time business intelligence

Analysing data to predict market trends of products and services and to improve performances of enterprise business systems has always been part of running a competitive business. But it is becoming essential nowadays that not only is the analysis done on real-time data, but also actions in response to analysis results can be performed in real time and instantaneously change parameters of business processes. This paper discusses issues and problems of current business intelligence systems, and then outlines our vision of future real-time business intelligence. We present a list of emerging technologies which could contribute to the realisation of real-time business intelligence and some examples of applying them to improve BT’s systems and services.