Decomposing words into their constituent morphemes: Evidence from English and Hebrew.

Participants segmented and shifted a sequence of letters from a source word to a target word and then named the product aloud. Morphemic and nonmorphemic letter sequences (e.g., EN) from phonemically matched words such as HARDEN and GARDEN were compared. In 4 experiments, naming latencies were faster for morphemic sequences than their nonmorphemic controls in both English, in which the morphemic status of the shifted sequence was varied and sequences were appended after the base morpheme (linearly concatenated), and in Hebrew, in which morphological transparency of the root (base morpheme) was varied and 1 morpheme was infixed inside the other (nonconcatenative) so that the phonological and orthographic integrity of the morphemic constituents was disrupted. Moreover, the likelihood with which both affixes and bases combine to form words influenced segment shifting times. In conclusion, skilled readers are sensitive to the morphological components of words whether or not they form contiguous orthographic or phonological units. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Phonon Dispersion Measurements of YBa2Cu3O6.15 and YBa2Cu3O6.95 by Time-of-Flight Neutron Spectroscopy

We measured the phonon dispersions of YBa₂Cu₃O_6.15 and YBa₂Cu₃O_6.95 by time-of-flight inelastic neutron scattering. The in-plane bond-stretching modes in the metallic phase showed a distinct a-b plane anisotropy beyond what is expected for structural origin. Such anisotropy in the longitudinal optical modes, which is absent in the TO, suggests strong in-plane anisotropy in the underlying electronic structure. Apical oxygen bond-stretching modes showed a large frequency change between the insulating and the metallic phases. This large softening also is beyond structural origin, and suggests the effect of local electronic environment.     

Family process and adaptation to children with mental retardation: Disruption and resilience in family problem-solving interactions.

Family problem-solving interactions were examined in families (N?=?165) of school-aged children with mild or moderate mental retardation (MR) and a comparison sample (N?=?52). The results demonstrated a disruptive impact of children with MR in the form of more directiveness by mothers and fathers, less supportive problem solving by single mothers, and less active problem solving by the target children in the MR group. Nevertheless, the absence of high rates of aversive behaviors in the MR group and the similarities in siblings' behaviors across the groups suggested that the MR families were also resilient in the face of special demands. Role differences among mothers, fathers, and siblings also were highly consistent in the two groups. Evidence of difficulties for single mothers and problem behaviors by other children in the family suggested that mental retardation is one of many challenges that families learn to cope with successfully. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Very high-transconductance short-channel GaAs MESFETs with Ga0.3Al0.7As buffer layer

MESFETs with 0.17?m gate length were manufactured with an n+GaAs active layer (3 × 1018cm-3) and an undoped Ga0.3Al0.7As buffer layer grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. The deives showed very high transconductance (700mS/mm) with good pinchoff characteristics. The experimental transconductance values were compared with calculated ones using a model that assumed total carrier confinement within the active layer by a barrier potential at the GaAs/GaAlAs interface. The results suggest that very high-transconductance short-gate-length MESFETs can be fabricated with a heavily doped GaAs active layer provided that the carrier density in the active layer is maintained at the doping level.     

In-service monitoring for cell loss quality of service violationsin ATM networks

A new method for in-service cell loss ratio (CLR) QoS estimation for asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks has been developed. For a typical CLR, a large number of cells must be observed before statistically meaningful results can be achieved. These results may be obsolete resulting in ineffective network management reactions. For a variety of arrival processes, many analyses have shown there exists a relationship between the logarithm of the cell loss probability and buffer size. For models that do not possess long-range dependence, this relationship is often linear. On the other hand, for the fractional Brownian motion model that captures long-range dependent traffic behavior, this relationship has a polynomial form. The proposed method uses these relationships and observations of cell loss for several small pseudo-buffers to characterize the behavior of the actual system. Specifically, a real-time technique to dynamically detect the failure of meeting a cell loss quality of service (QoS) objective has been developed. The method requires a short observation period and is suitable for in-service monitoring of CLR QoS. Simulation studies show the effectiveness of this method for both modeled traffic and measured network trace data     

Tritiated-naloxone binding to brainstem opioid receptors in the sudden infant death syndrome

The sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is defined as the sudden death of an infant under 1 year of age that remains unexplained after a thorough case investigation, including a complete autopsy. We hypothesized that SIDS is associated with altered 3H - naloxone binding to opioid receptors in brainstem nuclei related to respiratory and autonomic control. We analyzed 3H - naloxone binding in 21 regions in SIDS and control brainstems using quantitative tissue receptor autoradiography. Three groups were analyzed: SIDS (n = 45); acute controls (n = 14); and a chronic group with oxygenation disorders (n = 15). Opioid binding was heavily concentrated in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract, nucleus parabrachialis medialis, spinal trigeminal nucleus, inferior olive, and interpeduncular nucleus in all cases analyzed (n = 74). The arcuate nucleus on the ventral medullary surface contained negligible binding in all cases (n = 74), and therefore binding was not measurable at this site. We found no significant differences among the three groups in the age-adjusted mean 3H - naloxone binding in 21 brainstem sites analyzed. The only differences we have found to date between SIDS and acute controls are decreases in 3H - quinuclidinyl benzilate binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors and in 3H - kainate binding to kainate receptors in the arcuate nucleus in alternate sections of this same data set. The present study suggests that there is not a defect in opioid receptor binding in cardiorespiratory nuclei in SIDS brainstems.     

Operational,environmental and managerial factors in non-alignment of business strategies and IS strategies for the Police Service in England and Wales

The paper examines the operational, environmental (including political and European) and managerial imperatives and forces in understanding information systems (IS) strategy formulation within the Police Service. It shows the extent to which national bodies and national databases have proliferated without any framework, because of public dislike of a national police force. It also examines the political issues that have not yet been addressed by the IS strategy. It then places the police case within a wider context and suggests that factors present in the police case may exist in commercial organizations and that these factors would help to explain failed or delayed alignment between business strategies and IS strategies.     

A brief review for orthopedic surgeons: fatigue damage (microdamage) in bone (its determinants and clinical implications)

Bone modeling can slowly strengthen bones to keep their strains below bone's microdamage (MDx) threshold. When that condition is satisfied the slow basic multicellular unit (BMU)-based remodeling can usually repair the little MDx that occurs anyway, and some always does. While this arrangement minimizes fatigue fractures of whole bones or trabeculae, they can still happen if: (A) drugs, disease, or dead bone impair MDx repair; (B) if bone loads increase faster than the sluggish modeling can strengthen bone to meet the new loads, and/or faster than remodeling can repair the increased MDx; (C) if a cyst, tumor, or surgery removes enough bone to let strains in the remaining bone reach or exceed the MDx threshold; (D) if abnormal properties of bone as a material cause too much MDx to repair; (E) if altered modeling and remodeling thresholds cause an osteopenia that lets normal activities cause bone strains in or above the MDx threshold range; (F) or if strains in the bone supporting a load-bearing implant reach or exceed bone's MDx threshold.