A tall tower study of Missouri winds

This paper summarizes the results of a study of wind speeds observed at heights up to 150 m above ground level around Missouri. This is an amalgamation of four projects that allowed a total of eleven tall communication towers to be instrumented with wind observation equipment across the State of Missouri. This provided an assessment of the wind resource and the characteristics of the seasonal and diurnal cycles of wind in different areas of Missouri at the heights of utility scale wind turbines. Comparisons were also made to wind speeds predicted at these levels from a previously published wind map.The main finding was that the observed winds at each tower were smaller than those presented in the wind map. The discrepancy is most likely to be due to underestimation of the surface roughness and turbulence leading to an overestimation of near-surface wind shear. However, the wind shear, as expressed by the shear parameter was consistently greater than the ‘standard’ value of 1.4. The reconciliation of these two apparently contradictory findings is that the shear varies with the height at which it is measured. In wind resource assessment, wind shear is usually observed below 50 m and is tacitly assumed to be constant with height when used to extrapolate winds to higher levels. The author advocates the use of the friction velocity as a measure of shear in wind power applications in preference to the shear parameter that is usually used. This is because the shear parameter has a velocity bias that can also manifest as a bias with height or season. As wind power resource assessment is starting to use taller towers than the standard 50 m, intercomparison of site resources and extrapolation to turbine heights can be compromised if the shear parameter is used.     

伦敦帕丁顿中心Two Kingdom Street项目

<正>KPF设计师事务所已完成了Two Kingdom Street项目设计。该项目投资8800万英镑,由Development Securities公司开发,为Aviva Investors公司和Quinlan Private公司所有。该项目提供了2.2万m2的最佳办公空间,是帕丁顿中心项目第二阶段的最新增加项目,位于帕丁顿火车站附近的大型综合开发区内。     

Effect of transglutaminase on the heat stability of milk: a possible mechanism

Treatment of milk with transglutaminase (TGase) affects its heat stability, but the manner in which it does so depends on whether or not the milk had been preheated before incubation and on the temperature of preheating. In raw milk, it appears that cross-link formation between the individual caseins is responsible for preventing the dissociation of kappa-casein from the micelles at pH values in the region of minimum stability. In milks preheated before incubation with TGase, denaturation of whey protein may have allowed the formation of cross-links by TGase between denatured whey proteins and the individual caseins which, in combination with cross-linking of the caseins, contributed to greatly improved heat stability at pH > 6.5. It appears from the results of this study that TGase has potential commercial applications as a food-grade additive capable of improving the heat stability of milk.     

Fourier-Bessel field calculation and tuning of a CW annular array

A 1-D Fourier-Bessel series method for computing and tuning the linear lossless field of flat continuous wave (CW) annular arrays is given and discussed with both numerical simulation and experimental verification. The technique provides a new method for modelling and manipulating the propagated field by linking the quantized surface pressure profile to a set of limited diffraction Bessel beams propagating into the medium. In the limit, these become a known set of nondiffracting Bessel beams satisfying the lossless linear wave equation, which allow us to derive a linear matrix formulation for the field in terms of the ring pressures on the transducer surface. Tuning (beamforming) of the field then follows by formulating a least squares design with respect to the transducer ring pressures. Results are presented in the context of a 10-ring annular array operating at 2.5 MHz in water.     

High density net shape components by direct laser re-melting of single-phase powders

Direct Metal Laser Re-Melting is a variant of the Selective Laser Sintering process, a Rapid Prototyping (RP) technology. This tool-less manufacturing technology has the potential of producing complex, high quality components from single-phase metal powders in short time scales. This is made possible by the production of consecutive two-dimensional layers. Unfortunately, finished components manufactured by this technique have their integrity and material properties dictated by the porosity within the laser re-melted structure. In order to maintain structural integrity comparable to conventionally produced components, metal components produced by the rapid prototyping method should exhibit a porosity of the order of maximum of 2% with corresponding bulk material properties. To achieve these objectives, process and laser parameters require optimisation for maximum densities to be attained. This paper reports on the development of a scanning strategy that produces stainless steel (316L) laser re-melted components which exhibit porosities of <1%, while maintaining the concept of rapid prototyping.     

Condensation, heating and ventilation in small homes

Gary Raw, Head, Human Factors and Health Section, at the UK Building Research Establishment, and T. A. Fox present the results of the investigations into condensation problems and give an indication of the related factors. Ventilation devices, air movement, heating and insulation, were more important than occupants' behaviour and energy consciousness.     

Long-term potentiation in vivo in layers II/III of rat barrel cortex

Long-term potentiation was studied in vivo in the rat barrel cortex. It was found that LTP lasting several hours could be induced in layer II/III by tetanic stimuli applied in layer IV. The probability of inducing LTP at a given site was high (86%) provided that the electrodes were not displaced too far horizontally. LTP was not observed if the stimulating electrode was located on the far side of the neighbouring barrel-column from the recording electrode. The strongest LTP was induced by stimulating layer IV septal locations or the edge of the barrel and recording in the near half of the neighbouring barrel. However, examples were found of LTP from layer IV to II/III within the same barrel, within the same septum and from barrel to adjacent septum. The probability of inducing LTP on a particular occasion was greatly increased by iontophoresis of bicuculline at the recording site during the tetanus (from 20 to 55% judged by a change in peak amplitude). The average increase in the peak amplitude was 29 +/- 3.2% for protocol 1 (urethane anesthesia, monopolar stimulation) and 23 +/- 7% for protocol 2 (barbiturate anesthesia, bipolar stimulation). The probability of inducing LTP was greater if the first tetanus was accompanied by BMI application (67%) than for any subsequent attempts (39%). These results suggest it should be possible to study the effect of LTP on sensory processing in defined positions within the barrel field.