Interated defect correction for differential equations part II: Numerical experiments

In Part I of this paper a large number of Iterated Defect Correction (IDeC) algorithms have been integrated into one model algorithm and jointly analyzed. The demonstration of the practical usefulness of those theoretical results requires numerical experiments with many different IDeC methods. In this part of the paper the results of a number of representative empirical investigations of various IDeC algorithms (for ordinary and partial differential equations) are presented.     

Neuropsychological studies of the frontal lobes.

Summarizes the current state of knowledge of prefrontal lobe functions as derived from studies and observations of adult humans following frontal lobe damage. Following an overview of the neuroanatomy and neuropathology, frontal lobe activities are presented under the following headings: motor functions; sensory, perception, and construction functions; attention; abnormal awareness; flexibility–perseveration; language; memory; cognition; personality; localization; and hemispheric activity. Six specific prefrontal functions are suggested as the principal disorders underlying many if not all of the described manifestations. Thus, prefrontal damage can (1) separate action from knowledge, (2) impair the ability to handle sequential behaviors, (3) impair the ability to establish or change a set, (4) impair the ability to maintain a set, (5) impair the ability to monitor personal behavior, and (6) produce attitudes of apathy. (5? p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Solar energy storage as H2and Br2 from HBr—II. Performance of an idealized system

An analytical model of an archetypal device which stores solar energy as H₂ and Br₂ from the single-step decomposition of HBr is presented. The large differences between the molecular weights of the components of equilibrium HBr make it an attractive candidate for effusional separations. The high degree of dissociation of HBr at temperatures which are substantially lower than those which characterize water dissociation suggest that the problems of finding reactor and membrane materials will be much easier with HBr than with water. Furthermore, even if energy storage, rather than H₂ production is the desideratum, HBr is worthy of serious consideration.     

Coal-derived asphaltenes: characterization by acid-base fractionation

Asphaltenes isolated from liquid products of the liquefaction of Pittsburgh seam bituminous coal under different process conditions were separated into basic, acid/neutral and, in one case, acid and neutral fractions. Molecular weights were obtained by boiling point elevation and molecular size distributions by gel-permeation chromatography. The basic fraction is mostly composed of larger molecules than the acid/neutral fraction. The relative amount of benzylic hydrogen, as determined by n.m.r., is reduced as the extent of conversion increases. Hydrogen bonding between the acid/neutral and basic fractions is shown to account for the pentane insolubility of only a minor amount of the total asphaltene.     

Determinants of consensus estimates: Attribution, salience, and representativeness.

Five experiments examined the effects of attribution, salience, and representativeness of a target person's behavior on consensus bias—the tendency to generalize from the target's behavior to the behavior of the group. Ss were 762 undergraduates. Exp I showed that actors and observers induced to make a situational attribution for a behavior perceived this behavior as more common than did those induced to make a dispositional attribution. Exps II and III showed that observers perceived salient behavior as more common in the group than nonsalient behavior. Exps IV and V showed that observers were more likely to generalize from the behavior of a representative target than from the behavior of a nonrepresentative target. It is concluded that attributes of the target's behavior exercise strong influence on consensus estimates. (29 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Lipid and autoxidative changes in cold stored cod (Gadus morhua)

A study of lipid changes during the frozen storage of cod confirms that the major change is that of lipolysis. Oxidation is extremely slow and occurs primarily in the phospholipid fraction. Nevertheless, sufficient oxidation takes place during cold storage to reduce the acceptability of the fish primarily through the production of hept-cis-4-enal. The mechanism whereby hept-cis-4-enal occurs is discussed.     

A two-thirds reduction in the space heat requirement of a Twin Rivers townhouse

A Twin Rivers townhouse received a series of retrofits more extensive than those deployed in previous experiments at Twin Rivers, and a 67% reduction in annual energy use for space heating resulted. The retrofits included interior window insulators of various designs, basement and attic insulation and systematic attention to routes of air infiltration. The 67% reduction was approximately the savings anticipated by a simple model, in which the “second role” of insulation in improving the retention of the non-furnace heat from sun, appliances, and people appears explicitly. (In the absence of non-furnace heat, the savings of gas achieved would have been only 50%.) The retrofits appear to be a financially attractive investment at the present price of natural gas and a 10% return on investment. Further retrofits are discussed.     

"Synidetics": The study of conscious experience.

Suggests that conscious experience (CE) is becoming a legitimate field for inquiry and proposes the term synidetics to describe the study of CE. The science of synidetics would determine the relationship of physiological and psychological factors to awareness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)