Manufacturing and measurement of freeform optics

Freeform optics is the next-generation of modern optics, bringing advantages of excellent optical performance and system integration. It finds wide applications in various fields, such as new energy, illumination, aerospace and biomedical engineering. The manufacturing of freeform optics is an integrated technology involving optical design, machining, moulding, measurement and characterization. This paper surveys the current application status and research on major technologies in details.     

Endometrial Epithelial ARID1A Is Required for Uterine Immune Homeostasis during Early Pregnancy

A growing body of work suggests epigenetic dysregulation contributes to endometriosis pathophysiology and female infertility. The chromatin remodeling complex subunit AT-rich interaction domain 1A (ARID1A) must be properly expressed to maintain normal uterine function. Endometrial epithelial ARID1A is indispensable for pregnancy establishment in mice through regulation of endometrial gland function; however, ARID1A expression is decreased in infertile women with endometriosis. We hypothesized that ARID1A performs critical operations in the endometrial epithelium necessary for fertility besides maintaining gland function. To identify alterations in uterine gene expression resulting from loss of epithelial ARID1A, we performed RNA-sequencing analysis on pre-implantation uteri from Ltf^iCre/+Arid1a^f/f and control mice. Differential expression analysis identified 4181 differentially expressed genes enriched for immune-related ingenuity canonical pathways including agranulocyte adhesion and diapedesis and natural killer cell signaling. RT-qPCR confirmed an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine and macrophage-related gene expression but a decrease in natural killer cell signaling. Immunostaining confirmed a uterus-specific increase in macrophage infiltration. Flow cytometry delineated an increase in inflammatory macrophages and a decrease in uterine dendritic cells in Ltf^iCre/+Arid1a^f/f uteri. These findings demonstrate a role for endometrial epithelial ARID1A in suppressing inflammation and maintaining uterine immune homeostasis, which are required for successful pregnancy and gynecological health.     

Polykondensationsreaktionen bifunktioneller siliciumorganischer Verbindungen

Siloxane oligomers containing two hydroxyl, amino or anhydride groups were obtained by applying the reactions known to lead to Si C bonds. Polycondensation of these monomers with suitable bifunctional reactants resulted in siloxane-modified polyesters, phenolformaldehyde resins, polyamides, polyestermides and polyimides the properties of which, such as softening point, solubility and thermostability were investigated. The siloxane containing polyimides proved to be soluble and melting polymers that resisted heating up to 400 degrees C in the presence of air oxygen. Polyimides of similar properties but being composed of different siliciumorganic units were obtained by polycondensation of an imide-containing bis-silanol with dichloro-Si compounds. This process eliminates the laborious preparations of siliciumorganic diamines. Condensation polymerisation of organic polymers with siliciumorganic polymers having one or two reactive functional groups in their molecules allow to prepare siloxane-modified block and graft polymers as well cross-linked products.     

Neuere Untersuchungen über die Lipide der Getreidestärken. Teil II. Die Lipide verschiedener Stärkearten und ihre Bindung an die Amylose

Recent Studies on Lipids of Cereal Starches. Part 2. Lipids of Various Types of Starch and their Bond to Amylose. By means of butanol/water (65 : 35) the lipids have been extracted from various cereal starches at 70°C. 1.0 respectively 1.3 %. lipids could be obtained from barley resp. oat starch. In every case lysolecithine was the main part (50–60 %). Apart from that, other lysophosphatides as well as free fatty acids were isolated and identified. The lipids bound to starch remain unchanged for a longer term. Apparently, the inclusion into the amylose helix acts as a protection against autoxidation. The amylose-lysolecithine-inclusion compound was prepared in pure form with a lysolecithine content of 10.2%. Processes for the determination of amylose so far proposed do not take into consideration the special bonding circumstances of lipids in cereal starches. Thus, amylose contents having been determined by these processes are too low.     

Absolute und relative Verkleisterungscharakteristik von Stärken. Teil I. Absolute Viskositätsmessung nach dem Searle-Prinzip

The Absolute and the Relative Gelatinization Characteristics of Starches. Part 1. Absolute Viscosity Measurings (Searle Principle). The rheometric conditions for executing absolute measurings of gelatinization characteristics of potato, maize and wheat starches without change of the preparation container are explained, and the results of coaxial cylinder measurings by “Rotovisko” at the absolute viscograms of the starch pastes are discussed. For absolute measurings of starch viscosities the preparation of the starch dispersions from the suspension of starch granules from the beginning of the swelling process to the formation of the homogeneous phase in turbulent current conditions is necessary; relative viscosities of the preparation phase show the swelling characteristics of the starches. By comparing different instruments of the same type their accuracy of measuring is traced at the absolute viscograms throughout the whole gelatinization range as a function of the rate of shear, and a comparison of starch viscosities by the gelatinization maxima of the absolute viscograms is proposed.