Effect of thermal conditioning on the initiation threshold of secondary high-explosives

While most performance metrics of high-explosive (HE) based devices like detonation velocity, detonation pressure, and energy output are expected to degrade over time, the evolution of initiation threshold appears less clear, with claims of both increasing and decreasing trends in threshold having been made in the literature. This work analyzes D-optimally designed sequential binary test data for a few thermally conditioned porous-powder and polymer-bonded HE initiator systems using a Bayesian likelihood method employing the probit regression model. We find that in most cases the initiation threshold decreases (i. e., sensitivity increases) upon accelerated thermal conditioning. However, such results are nuanced and influenced by factors like the contact area of initiating stimulus, HE characteristics like density and specific surface area, as well as possible thermally induced changes to other materials and interfaces involved.     

钢纤维混凝土受弯构件正截面受力全过程分析的统一方法

根据高等钢筋混凝土结构理论,研究了钢纤维增强钢筋混凝土受弯构件的正截面受力全过程分析方法,利用钢纤维混凝土层厚这一参数,提出了适用于普通钢筋混凝土受弯构件、钢筋钢纤维增强部分混凝土受弯构件和钢筋全截面钢纤维混凝土受弯构件的统一的分析方法,并编制了统一的全过程分析计算程序。     

Isolation of alpaca anti-hapten heavy chain single domain antibodies for development of sensitive immunoassay

Some unique subclasses of Camelidae antibodies are devoid of the light chain, and the antigen binding site is comprised exclusively of the variable domain of the heavy chain (VHH). Although conventional antibodies dominate current assay development, recombinant VHHs have a high potential as alternative reagents for the next generation of immunoassay. We expressed VHHs from an immunized alpaca and developed a VHH-based immunoassay using 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), a major metabolite of pyrethroid insecticides as a model system. A phage VHH library was constructed, and seven VHH clones were selected by competitive binding with 3-PBA. The best immunoassay developed with one of these VHHs showed an IC(50) of 1.4 ng/mL (limit of detection (LOD) = 0.1 ng/mL). These parameters were further improved by using the phage borne VHH, IC(50) = 0.1 ng/mL and LOD = 0.01 ng/mL. Both assays showed a similar tolerance to methanol and dimethylsulfoxide up to 50% in assay buffer. The assay was highly specific to 3-PBA and its 4-hydroxylated derivative, 4-hydroxy 3-PBA, (150% cross reactivity) with negligible cross reactivity with other tested structural analogues, and the recovery from spiked urine sample ranged from 80 to 112%. In conclusion, a highly specific and sensitive VHH for 3-PBA was developed using sequences from immunized alpaca and phage display technology for antibody selection.     

Development of sildenafil-loaded orally disintegrating tablet with new lactate salt

To develop a sildenafil lactate-loaded orally disintegrating tablet with a faster drug effect onset and immediate action of erection, the orally disintegrating tablets were prepared with various amounts of menthol and colloidal silica using the direct compression technique followed by vacuum drying. Their tablet properties such as friability, hardness, wetting time and disintegration time were investigated. The oral bioavailability of sildenafil in the orally disintegrating tablet was then compared with the sildenafil citrate-loaded commercial tablet (Viagra(?)) in rabbits. Sildenafil lactate was a new salt form with more improved solubility and alleviated bitterness compared with commercial salt, sildenafil citrate. As the amount of menthol in the orally disintegrating tablet increased, the friability increased and hardness decreased, resulting in a shorter wetting time and disintegration time. Colloidal silica did the opposite. The sildenafil lactate-loaded orally disintegrating tablet prepared with 45 mg/tab of menthol and 1.5 mg/tab of colloidal silica gave a hardness of 3-4 KP, friability less than 0.5% and disintegration time less than 30 s, suggesting that it was a practical and commercial product with good tablet property and excellent efficacy. Furthermore, it gave higher AUC and C(max), and shorter T(max) values than did the commercial tablet, indicating that it improved the oral bioavailability of sildenafil in rabbits compared with the commercial tablet. Thus, the sildenafil lactate-loaded orally disintegrating tablet might induce a fast onset of action and immediate erection compared with the sildenafil citrate-loaded commercial tablet.     

氧化铁颜料中微量元素的测试技术

采用原子吸收分光光度法,研究在氧化铁颜料中测定微量元素铅和镉的实验条件;使用浓盐酸直接分解氧化铁颜料样品,甲基异丁基酮对样品进行萃取,从而消除高浓度铁离子在原子吸收分光光谱测试中对铅和镉含量的干扰。结果表明:采用该测试方法,样品的溶解速度快,空白值低,具有较高的准确度和精密度。     

钢筋钢纤维混凝土梁柱节点损伤特性及其计算方法

基于低周反复加载试验结果,研究钢筋钢纤维混凝土梁柱节点损伤演化特性。将变形与累积能量耗散指标相结合,建立反复荷载作用下钢筋钢纤维混凝土梁柱节点损伤的计算模型,分析影响钢筋钢纤维混凝土梁柱节点损伤的因素。结果表明：核心区钢纤维体积率、配箍率和轴压比是影响钢筋钢纤维混凝土梁柱节点损伤性能的主要因素;在相同的加载次数下,随钢纤维体积率、配箍率和轴压比的增大,梁柱节点损伤有所减小;其他影响因素相同的条件下,钢纤维体积率为1.0%和1.5%梁柱节点损伤曲线在破坏时的斜率较钢纤维体积率为0.5%的梁柱节点分别减小了21.6%和34.7%;配箍率为0.6%和1.2%的梁柱节点损伤曲线在破坏时的斜率较配箍率为0的梁柱节点分别减小了36.9%和59.4%;轴压比为0.3和0.4的梁柱节点损伤曲线在破坏时的斜率较轴压比为0.2的梁柱节点分别减小了12.5%和17.1%;所建立的反复荷载作用下钢筋钢纤维混凝土梁柱节点损伤计算模型,能够较好反映梁柱节点损伤演化的特点,可用于描述此类节点的损伤演化过程。     

Modeling Growth,Surface Kinetics,and Morphology Evolution in PETN

Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) is a commonly used energetic material with both military and civilian applications. Good ignition properties mandate a powdered material with a high surface area. However, existing experimental data on PETN powder suggest an active surface that leads to particle coarsening and gradual reduction of the specific surface area over time. In this work we review some of the atomic‐level and coarse‐grained potential models developed for PETN and discuss their applications for studying particle morphology, growth, and surface kinetics, including molecular diffusion and evaporation/condensation rates. Simulation methods include classical molecular dynamics, kinetic Monte Carlo, and transition state calculations.     

Tribology testing of ultrafine-grained Ti processed by high-pressure torsion with subsequent coating

A grade 2 pure Ti was processed by high-pressure torsion (HPT) under 3.0 GPa for 10 revolutions to achieve an improved strength. Wear tests revealed that HPT only slightly improved the wear resistance of pure Ti. Subsequently, a TiN coating with a thickness of 2.5 μm was deposited on different Ti substrates to improve the wear resistance. Both indentation and scratch testing demonstrated a much improved load-bearing capacity when ultrafine-grained Ti was chosen as the substrate compared with coarse-grained Ti. All results indicate that pure Ti processed by HPT, when combined with a subsequent coating, represents a good candidate material for bio-implant applications.     

On the three-dimensional structure of WC grains in cemented carbides

In the present work, the size distribution and shape of WC grains in cemented carbides (WC–Co), with different Co contents, have been investigated in three dimensions. Direct three-dimensional (3-D) measurements, using focused ion beam serial sectioning and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), were performed and a 3-D microstructure was reconstructed. These measurements were supplemented by two-dimensional (2-D) EBSD and scanning electron microscopy on extracted WC grains. The data from 2-D EBSD collected on planar sections were transformed to three dimensions using a recently developed statistical method based on an iterative inverse Saltykov procedure. This stereological analysis revealed that the assumed spherical shape of WC grains during the Saltykov method is reasonable and the estimated 3-D size distribution is qualitatively in good agreement with the actual distribution measured from 3-D EBSD. Although the spherical assumption is generally fair, the WC grains have both faceted and rounded surfaces. This is a consequence of the relatively low amount of liquid phase during sintering, which makes impingements significant. Furthermore, the observed terraced surface structure of some WC grains suggests that 2-D nucleation is the chief coarsening mechanism to consider.     

Relative strength of the interlayer dipole fields and the interlayer exchange coupling in nanostructured cells of synthetic ferrimagnets

Both analytical and numerical calculations are carried out to examine the relative strength of the interlayer dipole fields in comparison to that of the interlayer exchange coupling in nanostructured cells of synthetic ferrimagnets as functions of their size, shape, and thickness. The relative strength in aligning the magnetizations antiparallel increases with decreasing cell size and with increasing cell thickness, in agreement with the size and thickness dependence of the magnetostatic interactions. As the cell shape changes from rectangle to ellipse, the relative strength decreases, due to the decreased density of free poles with the shape change. The relative strength of the interlayer dipole field is found to be not small, being approximately 10% of the strongest interlayer exchange coupling observed for the CoFeB/Ru/CoFeB structure. In an elliptical cell with the dimensions of 160 nm (long axis) x 80 nm (short axis) x 2 nm (thickness), for example, the strength is 0.016 erg/cm2.