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61.
Reactive ion etching is the interaction of reactive plasmas with surfaces. To obtain a detailed understanding of this process, significant properties of reactive composite low-pressure plasmas driven by electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) were investigated and compared with the radial uniformity of the etch rate. The determination of the electronic properties of chlorine-and hydrogen-containing plasmas enabled the understanding of the pressure-dependent behavior of the plasma density and provided better insights into the electronic parameters of reactive etch gases. From the electrical evaluation of I(V ) characteristics obtained using a Langmuir probe, plasmas of different compositions were investigated. The standard method of Druyvesteyn to derive the electron energy distribution functions by the second derivative of the I(V ) characteristics was replaced by a mathematical model which has been evolved to be more robust against noise, mainly, because the first derivative of the I(V ) characteristics is used. Special attention was given to the power of the energy dependence in the exponent. In particular, for plasmas that are generated by ECR with EM modes, the existence of Maxwellian distribution functions is not to be taken as a self-evident fact, but the bi-Maxwellian distribution was proven for Ar-and Kr-stabilized plasmas. In addition to the electron temperature, the global uniform discharge model has been shown to be useful for calculating the neutral gas temperature. To what extent the invasive method of using a Langmuir probe could be replaced with the non-invasive optical method of emission spectroscopy, particularly actinometry, was investigated, and the resulting data exhibited the same relative behavior as the Langmuir data. The correlation with etchrate data reveals the large chemical part of the removal process—most striking when the data is compared with etching in pure argon. Although the relative amount of the radial variation of plasma density and etch rate is approximately ±5%, the etch rate shows a slightly concave shape in contrast to the plasma density. 相似文献
62.
Katrin Kuhnt Christian Degen Gerhard Jahreis 《Critical reviews in food science and nutrition》2016,56(12):1964-1980
The definition and evaluation of trans fatty acids (TFA) with regard to foodstuffs and health hazard are not consistent. Based on the current situation, the term should be restricted only to TFA with isolated double bonds in trans-configuration. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) should be separately assessed. Ideally, the origin of the consumed fat should be declared, i.e., ruminant TFA (R-TFA) and industrial TFA (non-ruminant; I-TFA). In ruminant fat, more than 50% of R-TFA consists of vaccenic acid (C18:1 t11). In addition, natural CLA, i.e., c9,t11 CLA is also present. Both are elevated in products from organic farming. In contrast to elaidic acid (t9) and t10, which occur mainly in partially hydrogenated industrial fat, t11 is partially metabolized into c9,t11 CLA via Δ9-desaturation. This is the major metabolic criterion used to differentiate between t11 and other trans C18:1. t11 indicates health beneficial effects in several studies. Moreover, CLA in milk fat is associated with the prevention of allergy and asthma. An analysis of the few studies relating to R-TFA alone makes clear that no convincing adverse physiological effect can be attributed to R-TFA. Only extremely high R-TFA intakes cause negative change in blood lipids. In conclusion, in most European countries, the intake of R-TFA is assessed as being low to moderate. Restriction of R-TFA would unjustifiably represent a disadvantage for organic farming of milk. 相似文献
63.
Gerhard Bayer Martin Hofmann Ludwig J. Gauckler 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1991,74(9):2205-2208
New oxide compounds with α-PbO2 structure have been synthesized by solid-state reactions. These are derived from ZrTiO4 and HfTiO4 by a different kind of ionic substitution. The thermal expansion behavior of these phases was investigated by means of a dilatometer and an X-ray heating diffractometer. These measurements revealed rather low expansion for some of the Zr(Me3+ /Me5+ )O4 , solid solutions. This behavior is attributed to their high expansion anisotropy, which leads to extended formation of microcracks. 相似文献
64.
Olefinreaktionen in Gegenwart wolfram- und molybdänhaltiger Katalysatorsysteme vom Ziegler-Natta-Typ
Jrg Beger Regina Sass Gerhard Zimmermann 《Advanced Synthesis \u0026amp; Catalysis》1978,320(2):283-290
Reactions of Alkenes in the Presence of Tungsten- and Molybdenum-containing Ziegler-Natta-Catalysts In connection with investigations of reactions of alkenes under the conditions of metathesis we studied the reactions of a mixture of 2-pentene/toluene in presence of the catalytic systems WCl6/EtAlCl2 and MoCl5/EtAlCl2 in homogeneous liquid phase. Alkylation of toluene, metathesis of 2-pentene and also indirect isomerisation of double bonds have been determined in dependence of the molar proportions of 2-pentene/MeClx, toluene/2-pentene, and MeClx/EtAlCl2, the addition order (“formation”) of reactants, the “building time” of catalytic system and the reaction time. Compositions of the reaction mixtures have been determined by GLC. 相似文献
65.
66.
67.
Jianxiong Li Gerhard Gries Regine Gries Jovo Bikic Keith N. Slessor 《Journal of chemical ecology》1993,19(11):2547-2561
Bakers' yeast reduction of (2E)-3-(2-furanyl)-2-methyl-2-propenal yielded the synthetic intermediate, (2S)-3-(2-furanyl)-2-methylpropanol, of high chiral purity (>97% ee) for the synthesis of the enantiomers of 2,5-dimethylheptadecane and 7-methylheptadecane, two synergistic sex pheromone components of the western hemlock looper (WHL),Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa Hulst. In electrophysiological bioassays, (7S)- but not (7R)-7-methylheptadecane elicited strong antennal responses by male WHL antennae. In field trapping experiments, addition of (7S)- but not (7R)-7-methylheptadecane to (5R,11S)-5,11-dimethylheptadecane, the major sex pheromone component of WHL, increased attraction. Attraction to (5R,11S)-5,11-dimethylheptadecane in combination with (7S)-7-methyiheptadecane was further enhanced by the addition of (5S)- but not (5R)-2,5-dimethylheptadecane. Similarly, attraction to (5R,11S)-5,11-dimethylheptadecane combined with (5S)-2,5-dimethylheptadecane increased when 7S- but not (7R)-7-methylheptadecane was added as a third component. We conclude that (7S)-7-methylheptadecane and (5S)-2,5-dimethylheptadecane are the synergistic sex pheromone components of WHL. The synthetic methodology described is applicable to the synthesis of chiral methyl-branched pheromones in other orders of the Insecta, particularly Coleoptera, Diptera and Orthoptera. 相似文献
68.
Michael Rozumek Peter Majewski Heike Schluckwerder Fritz Aldinger Klaus Künstler Gerhard Tomandl 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2004,87(9):1795-1798
Ceramics of the melilite-type compound La1+ x Sr1− x Ga3 O7−δ were prepared by conventional ceramic processing. Samples prepared represented the entire homogeneity region of the phase (i.e., x =−0.15 to 0.60). Electrochemical characterization under variable temperature and atmospheric conditions in the vicinity of air entailed four-point direct-current conductivity measurements and electromotive force measurements. La1+ x Sr1− x Ga3 O7−δ samples exhibited a p -type behavior with generally increased conductivity with increased substitution of lanthanum for strontium, which reached a saturation value of ∼10−1 S·cm−1 at 950°C. 相似文献
69.
Janna Geith ThomasM. Klaptke Jan Weigand Gerhard Holl 《Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics》2004,29(1):3-8
The enthalpies of combustion (ΔcombH) of dinitrobiuret (DNB) and diaminotetrazolium nitrate (HDAT‐NO3) were determined experimentally using oxygen bomb calorimetry: ΔcombH(DNB)=5195±200 kJ kg−1, ΔcombH(HDAT‐NO3)=7900±300 kJ kg−1. The standard enthalpies of formation (ΔfH°) of DNB and HDAT‐NO3 were obtained on the basis of quantum chemical computations at the electron‐correlated ab initio MP2 (second order Møller‐Plesset perturbation theory) level of theory using a correlation consistent double‐zeta basis set (cc‐pVTZ): ΔfH°(DNB)=−353 kJ mol−1, −1 829 kJ kg−1; ΔfH°(HDAT‐NO3)=+254 kJ mol−1, +1 558 kJ kg−1. The detonation velocities (D) and detonation pressures (P) of DNB and HDAT‐NO3 were calculated using the empirical equations by Kamlet and Jacobs: D(DNB)=8.66 mm μs−1, P(DNB)=33.9 GPa, D(HDAT‐NO3)=8.77 mm μs−1, P(HDAT‐NO3)=33.3 GPa. 相似文献
70.
Qian H Kalinka G Chan KL Kazarian SG Greenhalgh ES Bismarck A Shaffer MS 《Nanoscale》2011,3(11):4759-4767
The introduction of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) modifies bulk polymer properties, depending on intrinsic quality, dispersion, alignment, interfacial chemistry and mechanical properties of the nanofiller. These effects can be exploited to enhance the matrices of conventional microscale fibre-reinforced polymer composites, by using primary reinforcing fibres grafted with CNTs. This paper presents a methodology that combines atomic force microscopy, polarised Raman spectroscopy, and nanoindentation techniques, to study the distribution, alignment and orientation of CNTs in the vicinity of epoxy-embedded micrometre-scale silica fibres, as well as, the resulting local mechanical properties of the matrix. Raman maps of key features in the CNT spectra clearly show the CNT distribution and orientation, including a 'parted' morphology associated with long grafted CNTs. The hardness and indentation modulus of the epoxy matrix were improved locally by 28% and 24%, respectively, due to the reinforcing effects of CNTs. Moreover, a slower stress relaxation was observed in the epoxy region containing CNTs, which may be due to restricted molecular mobility of the matrix. The proposed methodology is likely to be relevant to further studies of nanocomposites and hierarchical composites. 相似文献