Using coverage to automate and improve test purpose based testing

Test purposes have been presented as a solution to avoid the state space explosion when selecting test cases from formal models. Although such techniques work very well with regard to the speed of the test derivation, they leave the tester with one important task that influences the quality of the overall testing process: test purposes have to be formulated manually. In this paper, we present an approach that assists a test engineer with test purpose design in two ways: it allows automatic generation of coverage based test suites and can be used to automatically exercise those aspects of the system that are missed by hand-crafted test purposes. We consider coverage of Lotos specifications, and show how labeled transition systems derived from such specifications have to be extended in order to allow the application of logical coverage criteria to Lotos specifications. We then show how existing tools can be used to efficiently derive test cases and suggest how to use the coverage information to minimize test suites while generating them.     

Convolutional Sparse Coding for High Dynamic Range Imaging

Current HDR acquisition techniques are based on either (i) fusing multibracketed, low dynamic range (LDR) images, (ii) modifying existing hardware and capturing different exposures simultaneously with multiple sensors, or (iii) reconstructing a single image with spatially‐varying pixel exposures. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm to recover high‐quality HDRI images from a single, coded exposure. The proposed reconstruction method builds on recently‐introduced ideas of convolutional sparse coding (CSC); this paper demonstrates how to make CSC practical for HDR imaging. We demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves higher‐quality reconstructions than alternative methods, we evaluate optical coding schemes, analyze algorithmic parameters, and build a prototype coded HDR camera that demonstrates the utility of convolutional sparse HDRI coding with a custom hardware platform.     

Glyphs for Asymmetric Second‐Order 2D Tensors

Tensors model a wide range of physical phenomena. While symmetric tensors are sufficient for some applications (such as diffusion), asymmetric tensors are required, for example, to describe differential properties of fluid flow. Glyphs permit inspecting individual tensor values, but existing tensor glyphs are fully defined only for symmetric tensors. We propose a glyph to visualize asymmetric second‐order two‐dimensional tensors. The glyph includes visual encoding for physically significant attributes of the tensor, including rotation, anisotropic stretching, and isotropic dilation. Our glyph design conserves the symmetry and continuity properties of the underlying tensor, in that transformations of a tensor (such as rotation or negation) correspond to analogous transformations of the glyph. We show results with synthetic data from computational fluid dynamics.     

Parallel Marching Blocks: A Practical Isosurfacing Algorithm for Large Data on Many‐Core Architectures

Interactive isosurface visualisation has been made possible by mapping algorithms to GPU architectures. However, current state‐of‐the‐art isosurfacing algorithms usually consume large amounts of GPU memory owing to the additional acceleration structures they require. As a result, the continued limitations on available GPU memory mean that they are unable to deal with the larger datasets that are now increasingly becoming prevalent. This paper proposes a new parallel isosurface‐extraction algorithm that exploits the blocked organisation of the parallel threads found in modern many‐core platforms to achieve fast isosurface extraction and reduce the associated memory requirements. This is achieved by optimising thread co‐operation within thread‐blocks and reducing redundant computation; ultimately, an indexed triangular mesh can be produced. Experiments have shown that the proposed algorithm is much faster (up to 10×) than state‐of‐the‐art GPU algorithms and has a much smaller memory footprint, enabling it to handle much larger datasets (up to 64×) on the same GPU.     

Invariant crease lines for topological and structural analysis of tensor fields

We introduce a versatile framework for characterizing and extracting salient structures in three-dimensional symmetric second-order tensor fields. The key insight is that degenerate lines in tensor fields, as defined by the standard topological approach, are exactly crease (ridge and valley) lines of a particular tensor invariant called mode. This reformulation allows us to apply well-studied approaches from scientific visualization or computer vision to the extraction of topological lines in tensor fields. More generally, this main result suggests that other tensor invariants, such as anisotropy measures like fractional anisotropy (FA), can be used in the same framework in lieu of mode to identify important structural properties in tensor fields. Our implementation addresses the specific challenge posed by the non-linearity of the considered scalar measures and by the smoothness requirement of the crease manifold computation. We use a combination of smooth reconstruction kernels and adaptive refinement strategy that automatically adjust the resolution of the analysis to the spatial variation of the considered quantities. Together, these improvements allow for the robust application of existing ridge line extraction algorithms in the tensor context of our problem. Results are proposed for a diffusion tensor MRI dataset, and for a benchmark stress tensor field used in engineering research.     

Top-down proteomic analysis by MALDI-TOF profiling: Concentration-independent biomarkers

Although numerous protein biomarkers have been correlated with advanced disease states, no new clinical assays have been developed. Goals often anticipate disease-specific protein changes that exceed values among healthy individuals, a property common to acute phase reactants. This review considers somewhat different approaches. It focuses on intact protein isoform ratios that present a biomarker without change in the total concentration of the protein. These will seldom be detected by peptide level analysis or by most antibody-based assays. For example, application of an inexpensive method to large sample groups resulted in observation of several polymorphisms, including the first structural polymorphism of apolipoprotein C1. Isoform distribution of this protein was altered and was eventually linked to increased obesity. Numerous other protein isoforms included C- and N-terminal proteolysis, changes of glycoisoform ratios and certain types of sulfhydryl oxidation. While many of these gave excellent statistical correlation with advanced disease, clinical utility was not apparent. More important may be that protein isoform ratios were very stable in each individual. Diagnosis by longitudinal analysis of the same individual might increase sensitivity of protein biomarkers by 20-fold or more. Protein changes that exceed the range of values found among healthy individuals may be uncommon.     

The multimod application framework: a rapid application development tool for computer aided medicine

This paper describes a new application framework (OpenMAF) for rapid development of multimodal applications in computer-aided medicine. MAF applications are multimodal in data, in representation, and in interaction. The framework supports almost any type of biomedical data, including DICOM datasets, motion-capture recordings, or data from computer simulations (e.g. finite element modeling). The interactive visualization approach (multimodal display) helps the user interpret complex datasets, providing multiple representations of the same data. In addition, the framework allows multimodal interaction by supporting the simultaneous use of different input-output devices like 3D trackers, stereoscopic displays, haptics hardware and speech recognition/synthesis systems. The Framework has been designed to run smoothly even on limited power computers, but it can take advantage of all hardware capabilities. The Framework is based on a collection of portable libraries and it can be compiled on any platform that supports OpenGL, including Windows, MacOS X and any flavor of Unix/linux.     

Analysis of factors contributing to success in a program of micromanipulation-assisted fertilization

OBJECTIVE: To determine factors important to clinical success in micromanipulation-assisted in vitro fertilization (IVF). DESIGN: Procedures invoked in two separate series of micromanipulation-assisted IVF cycles, one unsuccessful (series I) and the other successful (series II), were compared in an effort to identify changes that led to clinical success. SETTING: University-based IVF clinic. PATIENTS: In both IVF series involving micromanipulation, patients consisted of infertile couples who fit any of five categories of male-factor related infertility. The female patients underwent controlled hyperstimulation for oocyte retrieval and the oocytes were inseminated normally or were subjected either to partial zona dissection or subzonal sperm insertion to assist fertilization. Results in all groups were compared between the two patient series. RESULTS: In the successful series II, a noticeable improvement in fertilization rate and embryo quality was observed compared with series I. A significant increase in the percentage of patients reaching embryo transfer, the pregnancy rate per transfer, and the pregnancy rate per retrieval were noted in series II; a 25% ongoing pregnancy rate per retrieval was observed overall in this successful group, with "ongoing" defined as manifestation of at least a fetal sac on ultrasound with no detectable problems. Patients with a mixed transfer of embryos derived from manipulated and normally inseminated oocytes had a 75% rate of pregnancy per transfer in series II. Differences between the two series could not be attributed to patient selection or biases in selection of oocytes relegated to micromanipulation. However, oocyte handling, micromanipulation, and culture protocols differed significantly between the two series in that temperature and pH of oocytes was better controlled, and micromanipulation time was minimized in series II. CONCLUSION: Success in micromanipulation depends on maintenance of the oocyte in a stable and supportive environment throughout the micromanipulation procedure. It is also important to minimize trauma to the eggs by performing micromanipulation rapidly and with minimal distortion of the egg. Patients with a poor fertilization rate in standard IVF may experience a substantial increase in the likelihood of pregnancy when micromanipulation-assisted fertilization is performed on some eggs.