Sugars, organic acid and phenolic compounds of Ziziphus mauritiana Fruit

This study was conducted to identify soluble sugars, non-volatile acids and phenolic compounds in Ziziphus mauritiana fruit. Soluble sugars in Ziziphus mauritiana fruit were qualitatively determined by TLC. The sugars identified to be present in Ziziphus mauritiana were galactose, fructose and glucose. TLC was also used for qualitative analysis of phenolic compounds; five spots of phenolic compounds were observed. Only two of the observed spots were identified using the R_f values of the standards that were available. The two phenolic compounds identified by TLC were caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid. Phenolic compounds were also quantified using HPLC. Twelve peaks of phenolic compounds were detected. Among these, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid were the most abundant with concentrations of 365.94, 30.76, 19.64 and 19.28 mg/kg dry mass respectively, whereas vanillic acid was the least abundant with a concentration of 2.52 mg/kg. The organic acids were qualitatively analysed by PC and citric acid, malonic acid and malic acid were identified in the Ziziphus mauritiana fruit.     

Analysis of biostimulated microbial communities from two field experiments reveals temporal and spatial differences in proteome profiles

Stimulated by an acetate-amendment field experiment conducted in 2007, anaerobic microbial populations in the aquifer at the Rifle Integrated Field Research Challenge site in Colorado reduced mobile U(VI) to insoluble U(IV). During this experiment, planktonic biomass was sampled at various time points to quantitatively evaluate proteomes. In 2008, an acetate-amended field experiment was again conducted in a similar manner to the 2007 experiment. As there was no comprehensive metagenome sequence available for use in proteomics analysis, we systematically evaluated 12 different organism genome sequences to generate sets of aggregate genomes, or "pseudo-metagenomes", for supplying relative quantitative peptide and protein identifications. Proteomics results support previous observations of the dominance of Geobacteraceae during biostimulation using acetate as sole electron donor, and revealed a shift from an early stage of iron reduction to a late stage of iron reduction. Additionally, a shift from iron reduction to sulfate reduction was indicated by changes in the contribution of proteome information contributed by different organism genome sequences within the aggregate set. In addition, the comparison of proteome measurements made between the 2007 field experiment and 2008 field experiment revealed differences in proteome profiles. These differences may be the result of alterations in abundance and population structure within the planktonic biomass samples collected for analysis.     

Simulations of Scaled Sub-100 nm Strained Si/SiGe p-Channel MOSFETs

This paper investigates scaled sub-100 nm strained Si channel p-type MOSFETs. For a 30–40% Ge content SiGe buffer, 1D Poisson-Schrödinger analysis indicates that the parasitic effects of the SiGe buffer are negligible in small devices with high n-type channel doping (>10¹⁷ cm^?3). The device published by IBM and calibrated by us has been scaled down to a 35 nm physical gate length and shows notable performance enhancement over the Si control MOSFET. Well-tempered MOSFET designs have also been adopted to study potential performance improvement associated with the introduction of a strained Si channel. These provide a performance improvement comparable with the scaled versions of the IBM devices for effective gate length down to 25 nm. Improved well engineering is required to suppress short channel effects during the scaling process.     

Non‐Covalent Immobilization of Rare Earth Heterobimetallic Frameworks and their Reactivity in an Asymmetric Michael Addition

Heterobimetallic Lewis acid catalysts are broadly useful and methods to recycle them have immediate applications. However, their immobilization through covalent binding can be challenging. Non‐covalent immobilization of supported asymmetric catalysts is attractive due to ease of preparation and potential for reversible binding. We report a novel non‐covalent binding strategy for Shibasaki’s REMB framework {RE=rare earth metal; M=Li, Na, K; B=BINOL; RE:M:B=1:3:3, [M₃(sol)_n][(BINOLate)₃RE] } and explore the reactivity of the supported catalyst.