Cohesive zone modeling for structural integrity analysis of IC interconnects

Due to the miniaturization of integrated circuits, their thermo-mechanical reliability tends to become a truly critical design criterion. Especially the introduction of copper and low-k dielectric materials cause some reliability problems. Numerical simulation tools can assist developers to meet this challenge. This paper considers the first bond integrity during wire bond qualification testing. During testing, metal peel off may occur. This mechanical failure mode is caused by delamination of several layers of the interconnect structure. An interfacial damage model is employed for simulating delamination. However, the fact that the considered interfaces are brittle triggers some reported numerical difficulties. This paper illustrates the potential of the interface damage mechanics approach for simulating metal peel off and it highlights the computational aspects to be developed to render a practically applicable approach.     

Investigation of functional properties of partially hydrolyzed proteins

Hydrolyzates were prepared from soy protein and milk protein by treatment with Alcalase(R) 0.6 L and Neutrase(R) 0.5 L (NOVO INDUSTRI A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark). The pH-stat is a good method to control the change of degree of hydrolysis (DH) during enzymatic reactions and gives as well a good possibility to produce partially hydrolyzed products. In case of both investigated substrates we found a good correlation between the DH-values measured by pH-stat and TNBS-method. Determining the functional properties, we found that the emulsifying activity of hydrolyzates with low DH (below 10%) is significantly improved. At the same time the enzymatic treatment decreases the water-binding considerably but increases the velocity of water binding.     

引领电容触控应用热潮 浅谈QMatrix技术

触控技术在家电,消费性电子产品及移动电子产品中,已逐渐取代电子机械式开关.它们之所以普及的动力,是因为设计人员认为触控技术能让他们创造风格独特及功能良好的设计,在产品差异化的同时,也能为终端使用者创造更高的价值.     

Application of near infrared spectrophotometry to the study of the autoxidation products of fats

Summary The usefulness and limitations of near infrared spectroscopy as applied to the oxygenated products of fat oxidation has been studied. Hydroperoxides, acids, alcohols, esters, aldehydes, and ketones all absorb in the narrow range from 2,700 mμ to 3,000 mμ. Alcohols may be distinguished from hydroperoxides and acids, but the latter are too close together to be resolved. In mixtures all the C=O absorptions attributable to esters, aldehydes, and ketones combine to form one band. In autoxidizing methyl oleate, the increase in alcohol, carbonyl, and combined acid-hydroperoxide can be followed in the near infrared spectra of CCl₄ solutions. In the absence of acid the increase in hydroperoxide absorbance is linear with peroxide value. The changes in the spectra of a reduced and bicarbonate-washed sample of oxidized methyl oleate correlate well with the expected chemical changes. Presented at the 31st Fall Meeting of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, Cincinnati, O., Sept.30–Oct. 2, 1957. American Meat Institute Foundation Journal Paper Number 156.     

Estimates of contingency between two dichotomous variables.

Seven experiments with 292 undergraduates determined what heuristics people use in estimating the contingency between 2 dichotomous variables. It was hypothesized that people assess contingency solely based on the number of instances in which both Factors 1 and 2 (the 2 variables) are present. By manipulating column and row labels, various values could be placed in this "present/present" cell, also called Cell A. If Ss do base their contingency estimate on Cell A, a monotonic relation would be expected between Cell A frequency and the contingency estimate. This test of the Cell A heuristic led to the conclusion that it could not represent a complete explanation of contingency estimation. Although Exp II resulted in a rejection of one possible explanation of the results, Exps II and III indicated that low cell frequencies were greatly overestimated. Ss in a contingency estimation task involving no memory demands used complex heuristics in judging contingency. When demands were increased, the Cell A heuristic emerged as the modal strategy. Two factors, the use of simple heuristics by most Ss and the overestimation of small cell frequencies, combined to explain the results. In a contingency estimation task, salience augmented the impact of one type of data but not another. The method by which the contingency estimate was assessed, as data were received vs at the end of the stream, influenced the final estimate. It is concluded that the "framing" of the task affects the contingency estimate. (41 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A field experiment comparing information-privacy values, beliefs, and attitudes across several types of organizations.

193 randomly selected adults completed a structured interview concerning their values, beliefs, attitudes, experiences, and intentions concerning information-privacy issues involving 6 types of organizations such as employers, law enforcement agencies, and the Internal Revenue Service. Results indicate that higher valuations of informational privacy were related to lower feelings of control over personal information, less satisfaction with their perceived degree of control, and less willingness to participate in a subsequent interview. Information-privacy beliefs and attitudes varied with the type of organization under consideration. Implications are discussed in terms of organizational and societal policy concerning the treatment of information about individuals. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Tocopherols in foods and fats

Methods are now available for the determination of all the specific tocopherol forms found in nature. Although the greatest interest centers on alpha-tocopherol, much information has been gathered on the amounts of individual tocopherols in foods and fats contributing to the human diet. This paper summarizes and discusses the recent literature on the tocopherols in natural, processed and prepared foods. Alpha-tocopherol, although the most widely distributed, is in many instances not the predominant form. In a number of important tocopherol sources, e.g., soybean oil, much larger amounts of gamma-tocopherol are found. The levels of tocopherols are variable, but the evidence suggests that the identities of the specific forms are characteristic of the source. In cereal grains the further observation may be made that the related tocol-tocotrienol pairs tend to be found together. Processing and preparation almost invariably reduce the tocopherol content, sometimes to insignificant levels. One of six papers to be published from the Symposium “Chemistry and Biochemistry of Tocopherols” presented at the ISF-AOCS World Congress, Chicago, September 1970.     

Hindsight bias among physicians weighing the likelihood of diagnoses.

Examines findings showing that (1) those who know an event has occurred tend to claim that, if they had been asked to predict the event in advance, they would have been likely to do so; and (2) such Ss demonstrate hindsight bias to the extent that their "prediction" accuracy exceeds the accuracy of others who actually make the prediction without knowledge of the outcome. 75 practicing physicians were divided into 5 equal groups and given the same medical case history. The foresight group was asked to assign a probability estimate to each of 4 possible diagnoses. The 4 hindsight groups were asked to do the same, but each was told that a different 1 of the 4 possible diagnoses was correct. The hindsight groups, who were told that the least likely diagnoses were correct, assigned far greater probability estimates to these "correct" diagnoses than did the foresight group. Implications for physicians are discussed with respect to overconfident 2nd opinions, overconfidence in diagnostic accuracy, and inadequate appreciation of the original difficulty of diagnoses. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)