Das Verhalten organischer Pigmente in Polymeren

The importance of colouring matter is of prime importance in the plastics industry. The individual behaviour of organic pigments in the various polymer materials necessitates, however, on the part of the plastics manufacturer a precise knowledge of ?which pigment for which plastic”?. For example, a well known Thioindigo pigment behaves very differently in various polymer materials : In polystyrene, depending on the concentration used, it is monomolecularly dissolved, in associated solution or present as undissolved particles. In PVC, however, the good migration fastness is indicative of the insolubility of the pigment in this medium and so it is not surprising that PVC is the ideal plastic medium for this pigment. The behaviour of organic pigments in polymers is largely a function of molecular structure, e. g. intermolecular H-bonds can cause a decrease in solubility of a pigment in a polymer material, which in turn results in improved migration fastness. This is demonstrated by the improved migration fastness of variously substituted β-hydroxy naphthoic acid arylamide derivatives. Many phenomena exist however, which as yet can only be explained on the basis of the crystal structure of the pigment particles, i. e. the presence of aggregates or agglomerates. Such a phenomenon is, for example, the dispersibility of pigments in polymers. Here pigment surface, wettability by polymer and intermolecular forces are all of importance. In general, the dispersibility is better the smaller the specific surface area, as is shown for a typical quinacridone pigment. The influence of the rate of wetting on dispersibility is demonstrated using polyethylene wax. A further effect, which demonstrates the intermolecular forces between pigment and polymer, is the way in which certain pigments influence the rate of crystallization of partly crystalline polymers. This itself is connected with the shape and size of the pigment particles embedded in the polymer material. Such effects are demonstrated by measurements on various polyethylene objects. The pigment in this case was a naphthalene tetra carbonic acid derivative in both cis and trans form with widely varying specific surface areas.     

Correct pretreatment-the first step to quality in modern textile processing

Cotton continues to be a very widely used natural fibre. However, it becomes ever more difficult to define it exactly in chemical terms, because the variety and quantity of non-cellulosic constituents in the raw cotton are continually increasing in number and becoming more difficult to specify. The textile processor can only count on 75%, or at best 80%, being genuine cellulosic material; the remainder consists mainly of impurities that can seriously interfere with subsequent processes. Modem pretreatment processes take full account of the specific quality requirements, and naturally also the relevant cost factors (energy, effluent, processing costs). By these means the bleacher can now convert raw cotton into a chemically uniform and defined cellulosic textile substrate for the subsequent processes. In this form, either alone or in blends with synthetic fibres, it is accessible for dyeing, printing and finishing processes that can be readily controlled and reproduced.     

DuD Recht

DuD Recht

DuD Recht     

Hypothermic coagulopathy in trauma: effect of varying levels of hypothermia on enzyme speed, platelet function, and fibrinolytic activity

Comparative study of protein metabolism in neurons of layers III and V of the sensorimotor cortex was carried out in two groups of Wistar rats, which differed in learning results: "bad" (60% of population) and "good" learners (40%). It was found out that the associative neurons (layer III) were most sensitive to cognitive load. In "bad" learners, an increase in nuclear and cytoplasmic dimensions and rise in protein concentration and content took place in these neurons, while in the efferent neurons (layer V) the protein content increased only in the cytoplasm. In "good" learners, the cognitive load led to a decrease in all the cytochemical parameters in neurons of the layer III while in the neurons of the layer V the content and concentration of proteins increased both in nuclei and cytoplasm. It is suggested that the character of protein metabolism changes produced by information load can be considered as a reflection of individual peculiarities of cognitive activity, and the extent of cytochemical changes as a reflection of complicity of a cognitive task.     

Measurement of transient deformations with dual-pulse addition electronic speckle-pattern interferometry

We describe an electronic speckle-pattern interferometry system for analyzing addition fringes generated by the transient deformation of a test object. The system is based on a frequency-doubled twin Nd:YAG laser emitting dual pulses at a TV camera field rate (50 Hz). The main advance has been the automatic, quantitative analysis of dual-pulse addition electronic speckle-pattern interferometry data by the introduction of carrier fringes and the application of Fourier methods. The carrier fringes are introduced between dual pulses by a rotating mirror that tilts the reference beam. The resulting deformation-modulated addition fringes are enhanced with a deviation filter, giving fringe visibility close to that of subtraction fringes. The phase distribution is evaluated with a Fourier-transform method with bandpass filtering. From the wrapped phase distribution, a continuous phase map is reconstructed with an iterative weighted least-squares unwrapper. Preliminary results for a thin plate excited by an acoustic shock show the suitability of the system for the quantitative evaluation of transient deformation fields.     

Unwrapping of Digital Speckle-Pattern Interferometry Phase Maps by use of a Minimum L(0)-Norm Algorithm

The performance of a minimum L(0)-norm unwrapping algorithm is investigated by use of synthetic digital speckle-pattern interferometry (DSPI) wrapped phase maps that simulate experimentally obtained data. This algorithm estimates its own weights to mask inconsistent pixels. Particular features usually included in DSPI wrapped phase distributions, such as shears, speckle noise, fringe cuts, object physical limits, and superimposed phase maps, are analyzed. Some adequate approaches to solving these features are discussed. Finally, it is shown that a complex case in which shears and fringe cuts coexist in the wrapped phase cannot be solved satisfactorily with the minimum L(0)-norm algorithm by itself. To cope with this problem, we propose a new scheme.     

抗菌塑料为生活提供更安全的保护

众所周知，微生物，如藻类、细菌、霉菌(真菌和酵母)以及病毒可在物品的表面寄生和存活，尤其是当死角、粗糙的表面或微缝中有残存的营养物质时，微生物…在聚合物表面的生长可导致褪色、污渍、臭味、生物膜、交叉感染并最终降低机械强度，降低产品使用寿命。汽巴可为解决上述的问