Die Ursache für die drastische Steigerung des Beizabtrages bei Emaillierstahlblechen durch Schwefelwasserstoff

An Reinsteisen in Schwefelsäure wurden eine hohe Wasserstoffüberspannung und ein verhältnismäßig niedriger Beizabtrag gefunden. Durch Einleiten von H₂S in die Säure erniedrigte sich die Überspannung erheblich, und der Beizabtrag wurde erhöht. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigte ein übliches Emaillierstahlblech keine Wasserstoffüberspannung; hier genügte offenbar der aus dem Stahlblech entstehende naszierende Schwefelwasserstoff, um den Beizabtrag gegenüber Reinsteisen zu erhöhen. Diese Wirkung des Schwefelwasserstoffes beruht auf der Beseitigung des atomaren, an der Blechoberfläche adsorbierten und den Säureangriff hemmenden Wasserstoffes. H₂S wird dadurch nicht verbraucht, sondern reichert sich im Gegenteil durch die Stahlauflösung in der Säure an bis zu einer Grenze, die durch die Verflüchtigung gegeben ist. Es handelt sich also um eine Autokatalyse. Der wahrscheinliche Reaktionsmechanismus wird diskutiert. Diese Zusammenhänge erklären die in vorangehenden Arbeiten gemachten Beobachtungen über die starke Erhöhung der Beizabträge durch Schwefelwasserstoff bzw. Sulfide. Die bekannte Grenze für das Cu/S-Verhältnis = 2 nach T. P. Hoare und D. J. Havenhand hinsichtlich der Korrosionsbeständigkeit von einfachen Stählen läßt sich nach den vorliegenden Befunden einfach erklären. Auf die Doppelrolle des Sulfidschwefels beim Beizen (beizfördernd bzw. beizhemmend als Inhibitor) wird kurz eingegangen.     

What are entrepreneurial dietitians charging? The Consulting Dietitians Network National Fee Survey.

To respond to a need to develop a national fee guideline, the Consulting Dietitians Network conducted a membership fee survey. A questionnaire requesting fee information for various nutrition consulting services was distributed to members as an insert with the Consulting Dietitians Network quarterly newsletter and by electronic mail. The response rate was 38.4% (98 respondents) and most respondents (74.5%) had urban practices. The most frequently charged fees (mode) for individual counselling ($75/hour), industry and commercial firm consultations ($150/hour), group facilitation ($150/hour), and media consultations ($150/article) were highest in the region of Ontario, Quebec, and the Atlantic provinces. The most frequently charged fees (mode) for home visits ($100/hour), writing for newspapers ($250/hour), and menu reviews ($60/hour) were highest in the region of Saskatchewan and Manitoba. The minimum and maximum fees were significantly different for the three regions (Ontario, Quebec, and the Atlantic provinces; Manitoba and Saskatchewan; and Alberta, British Columbia, and Yukon Territory) studied for initial client consultations, industry and commercial firm consultations, and menu reviews (p<0.05). For home visits, teaching in an institution, seminar presentations, group facilitation, media consultations, and writing media articles, the differences in the minimum and maximum fees charged were highly significant (p<0.001). Entrepreneurial dietitians may use these data as a reference to establish and negotiate consultation fees.     

Visual dissociation: An illusory conjunction of pictures and forms.

In 4 experiments, 61 undergraduates viewed rapidly presented series of color photographs (9/sec) and were required to indicate which photograph appeared within a black outline rectangle (the frame). Exp I demonstrated that Ss were often confident and wrong, reporting the immediately preceding or following picture in the sequence. Exp II showed that migration of the frame to other pictures could not be attributed to spatial separation, because the same effect occurred when a small frame was presented in the center of the picture itself. Exp III ruled out masking of the framed picture as the cause of the illusion by showing that the framed picture was identified on those trials in which the frame appeared to be elsewhere. Exp IV showed that when simpler, more familiar stimuli (numbers) were presented, a more rapid presentation rate (18/sec) was required to obtain the effect. It is proposed that the illusion reflects the action of integrative processes in a very short-term buffer and that it may provide a new tool with which to study the integration of features within scenes. (26 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reliability and credibility of young children's reports: From research to policy and practice.

In this article, some issues, concerns, and research regarding the interviewing of young child witnesses are reviewed. The article focuses on research on suggestibility and the influence of various interviewing techniques on the reliability and credibility of young children's reports. Implications of this research for future research and for policy are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Within-Host Adaptation of Staphylococcus aureus in a Bovine Mastitis Infection Is Associated with Increased Cytotoxicity

Within-host adaptation is a typical feature of chronic, persistent Staphylococcus aureus infections. Research projects addressing adaptive changes due to bacterial in-host evolution increase our understanding of the pathogen’s strategies to survive and persist for a long time in various hosts such as human and bovine. In this study, we investigated the adaptive processes of S. aureus during chronic, persistent bovine mastitis using a previously isolated isogenic strain pair from a dairy cow with chronic, subclinical mastitis, in which the last variant (host-adapted, Sigma factor SigB-deficient) quickly replaced the initial, dominant variant. The strain pair was cultivated under specific in vitro infection-relevant growth-limiting conditions (iron-depleted RPMI under oxygen limitation). We used a combinatory approach of surfaceomics, molecular spectroscopic fingerprinting and in vitro phenotypic assays. Cellular cytotoxicity assays using red blood cells and bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) revealed changes towards a more cytotoxic phenotype in the host-adapted isolate with an increased alpha-hemolysin (α-toxin) secretion, suggesting an improved capacity to penetrate and disseminate the udder tissue. Our results foster the hypothesis that within-host evolved SigB-deficiency favours extracellular persistence in S. aureus infections. Here, we provide new insights into one possible adaptive strategy employed by S. aureus during chronic, bovine mastitis, and we emphasise the need to analyse genotype–phenotype associations under different infection-relevant growth conditions.     

Genetic Dominant Variants in STUB1, Segregating in Families with SCA48, Display In Vitro Functional Impairments Indistinctive from Recessive Variants Associated with SCAR16

Variants in STUB1 cause both autosomal recessive (SCAR16) and dominant (SCA48) spinocerebellar ataxia. Reports from 18 STUB1 variants causing SCA48 show that the clinical picture includes later-onset ataxia with a cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome and varying clinical overlap with SCAR16. However, little is known about the molecular properties of dominant STUB1 variants. Here, we describe three SCA48 families with novel, dominantly inherited STUB1 variants (p.Arg51_Ile53delinsProAla, p.Lys143_Trp147del, and p.Gly249Val). All the patients developed symptoms from 30 years of age or later, all had cerebellar atrophy, and 4 had cognitive/psychiatric phenotypes. Investigation of the structural and functional consequences of the recombinant C-terminus of HSC70-interacting protein (CHIP) variants was performed in vitro using ubiquitin ligase activity assay, circular dichroism assay and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These studies revealed that dominantly and recessively inherited STUB1 variants showed similar biochemical defects, including impaired ubiquitin ligase activity and altered oligomerization properties of the CHIP. Our findings expand the molecular understanding of SCA48 but also mean that assumptions concerning unaffected carriers of recessive STUB1 variants in SCAR16 families must be re-evaluated. More investigations are needed to verify the disease status of SCAR16 heterozygotes and elucidate the molecular relationship between SCA48 and SCAR16 diseases.     

Preparation and characterization of plasticized starch/halloysite porous nanocomposites possibly suitable for biomedical applications

Novel porous bionanocomposites based on halloysite nanotubes as nanofillers and plasticized starch as polymeric matrix were successfully prepared by melt‐extrusion. Foaming was obtained by adding water as natural blowing agent, and by increasing the die temperature. Both the expansion ratio and the porosity increase with increasing die temperature. Addition of high water content allows reducing the foaming temperature. Moreover, the introduction of halloysite has double benefits: these fillers act both as a nucleating agent increasing the porosity and as a barrier agent increasing the proportion of small cells. Foams based on plasticized starch with a blend of glycerol and sorbitol loaded with 6 wt % of halloysite, extruded at 117°C, present the cellular structure and the mechanical properties required for scaffold applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41341.     

Solubility of non-psychoactive cannabinoids in supercritical carbon dioxide and comparison with psychoactive cannabinoids

The solubilities of two different non-psychoactive cannabinoids i.e., cannabigerol (CBG) and cannabidiol (CBD), in supercritical carbon dioxide (CO₂) have been determined at 315, 326 and 334 K and in the pressure range from 11.3 to 20.6 MPa. These solubility data have been compared to the previously determined solubilities of two psychoactive cannabinoids i.e., (−)-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC) and cannabinol (CBN), in supercritical CO₂. An analytical method with a quasi-flow apparatus was used for the experimental determination. Within the investigated temperature and pressure range, the molar solubility of CBG ranged from 1.17 to 1.91 × 10⁻⁴ and the molar solubility of CBD ranged from 0.88 to 2.69 × 10⁻⁴. The solubility of the different cannabinoids in supercritical CO₂ increases at 326 K in the following order: Δ⁹-THC < CBG < CBD < CBN. The solubility data were correlated using the Peng-Robinson equation of state in combination with Van der Waals mixing rules. Deviations between calculated results and the experimental data ranged from 0.81 to 6.35% absolute average relative deviation (AARD), except for CBD at 334 K, where the AARD was 18.4%.