A model of self-limiting residual acid diffusion for pattern doubling

Pattern doubling by cross-linking of a spacer triggered by residual acid diffusion from a previously developed primary structure into the spacer is a possible option to create the necessary structure widths for the 32 nm node with current exposure technology by pattern doubling. A particular advantage of this process step would be the self-alignment to the primary structure, which would render a second exposure step unnecessary. In the paper, we present a new prototypical model of the bake step of this process and discuss the dependency of the desired behavior on parameters of the model.     

Mango peel fibres with antioxidant activity

 Antioxidant compounds associated with some types of dietary fibres may be responsible in part for the beneficial effects on health of high-dietary-fibre diets. The antioxidant activity of a high-dietary-fibre mango peel product and of some commercial samples was determined by the ferric thiocyanate colorimetric method. At a concentration of 0.05%, the antioxidant activity of mango peel dietary fibre was 0.75 times as effective as that of 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisol (BHA) and 1.4 and 3.4 times higher, respectively, than that of French PARAD’OX (a commercial polyphenols concentrate) and of DL-α-tocopherol. All Bran, Quaker Oats, lemon and apple fibre did not exhibit any antioxidant capacity. The obtention of high-dietary-fibre products with bioactive compounds could be useful for the food industry and the antioxidant activity may be a new property to consider in the quality evaluation of these ingredients. Received: 25 January 1996 / Revised version: 10 June 1996     

High-temperature relaxations in aluminum studied by isothermal mechanical spectrometry

Isothermal mechanical spectrometry experiments were carried out between 10⁻⁴ and 100 Hz on strain hardening aluminum samples, after annealings at various temperatures ranging between 300 and 700 K. For lower annealing temperatures (<480 K), internal friction spectra exhibit only a low frequency background. After annealings above 480 K, a relaxation peak superimposed to the background stands out. The peak height is, first, increasing for annealing temperatures below 580 K and then decreasing. The apparent relaxation parameters are found to be strongly dependent on the annealing temperature. The evolution of the internal friction spectra cannot be correlated with a grain boundary relaxation but with a reversible motion of dislocation segments inside dislocation networks developed during recovery annealings.     

Fatty acid composition of selected roes from some marine species

Fifteen roes from different marine fish species available in Spain were analyzed in order to determine their fatty acid (FA) composition, especially the eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3, DHA) contents. Roes from Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda), European squid (Loligo vulgaris), cuttlefish (Sepia spp.), lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus), European hake (Merluccius merluccius), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and gonads of male Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) reached EPA + DHA amounts higher than 30% of the total FA, and among them, roes from lumpfish, European hake and salmon provide different FA type ratios that could make them adequate as dietary sources of EPA and DHA.     

Skin diseases in Bamako (Mali)

BACKGROUND: Skin diseases have only recently been considered as a possible public health problem in developing countries. Data supporting this matter are scarce. The aim of this study is to report the experience of a specialized dermatologic center in Bamako (Mali) in order to complete two previous studies conducted in the Bamako area: a prevalence study in the general population and a study in nonspecialized health centers of Bamako. It is our intention to provide a comprehensive picture of the problem of skin diseases in an African developing country. METHODS: We retrospectively collected all cases of skin diseases diagnosed during consultations provided at the Institut Marchoux in Bamako, the only center specializing in dermatology in Mali, during the year 1993. RESULTS: A total of 10,575 new outpatients were seen with 10,889 skin diseases. The main skin diseases registered were as follows: infectious dermatoses (41% of all diagnoses, including scabies (16.6%), superficial mycoses (13.6%), and primary pyoderma (5.6%)), dermatitis (20.4%), papular urticaria (4.4%), acne (4.2%), pityriasis alba (3.6%), keratoderma (3.6%), and urticaria (3%). Typical tropical infectious diseases accounted for only 1% of all diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that certain skin diseases (mainly scabies and pyoderma) are an important health problem for the population of the Bamako area. Public health policies should be implemented in order to manage this problem rationally.     

Mass Balance in Eulerian-Lagrangian Transport Simulations in Estuaries

This paper investigates the generation of flow mass errors in finite-element shallow water models and the effect of these errors in the mass conservation of Eulerian-Lagrangian transport simulations. Flow mass errors are shown to be similar for several primitive and wave equation formulations. These errors occur primarily in areas of steep bathymetric gradients and near complex boundaries. Forcing Eulerian-Lagrangian transport simulations with nonconservative flow fields generates important mass imbalances, which can be mitigated by refining the flow grid. Comparatively, refining the transport grid only reduces marginally the mass errors.     

Luminescence in gold-heterometal complexes

There are four types of gold-heteroatom complexes which display luminescence: dinuclear complexes, triand tetranuclear complexes, polymeric chains, and clusters. The present state of knowledge on the preparation and properties of each of these types is summarized here.     

High throughput screening of Monophos instant ligand library leads to a ton-scale asymmetric hydrogenation process

The development of catalytic processes for pharmaceuticals intermediates is often under severe time-pressure. To cope with this constraint, high throughput experimentation (HTE) methods have been implemented for catalyst finding. In this article, we present the HTE protocols put in place at DSM in the area of enantioselective hydrogenation. They mostly rely on libraries of monodentate chiral phosphoramidites ligands. We applied our instant ligand library technology to solve a real-life case, i.e. the asymmetric hydrogenation of an α-substituted cinnamic acid derivative. This has led to a multi-ton scale process.     

Synthesis and molecular weights of metal poly(ethyl methacrylates). IV

Summary Ethyl methacrylate colloids were obtained by codeposition at 77 K of the monomer with several metals such as: Au, Ag, Cu, Pd, Zn, Cd, Al, Ga, In, Ge, Sn, Sb and Bi. The colloids were polymerized with different amounts of initiator (AIBN) at 62°C and a wide range of viscosity average molecular weights (Mv; 10⁴–10⁶) were obtained depending upon the metal used. The metal colloid concentrations and stability are reported. The thermal stability, morphology and metal composition are also described. The polymers are stable even at 300°C and the metal content is ranging from 0.10 to 3.67%.