URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND EQUILIBRIUM DEBT

The decade of the 1970's has seen fiscal crises develop in several cities and fiscal retrenchment in many more. This paper analyzes the interrelationship between city investment and borrowing policies, the possibility of fiscal crises, and factors relevant to local government fiscal decisions and sound management.     

Determining the number of kanbans in a multiproduct,multistage production system

Significant reductions in setup and lead times reported by the Japanese have led Western manufacturers to rethink the need for complex computer-based MRP systems. Consequently, many of these firms have adopted some form of kanban for shop floor control. In this paper, a planning model is developed to assist line managers in determining an optimal kanban policy at each workstation. The objective is to work within the capacity of the system to balance cost and service over the planning horizon. The model takes the form of a mixed integer linear program, and is solved with standard techniques. When no shortages are permitted, a number of alternative formulations are introduced that sharply reduce the computational burden. Results are presented for an example based on the assembly of printed wire boards at Texas Instruments' Austin plant.     

Dendritic Growth Morphologies in Al-Zn Alloys—Part I: X-ray Tomographic Microscopy

Upon solidification, most metallic alloys form dendritic structures that grow along directions corresponding to low index crystal axes, e.g., $\langle100\rangle$ directions in fcc aluminum. However, recent findings[1,2] have shown that an increase in the zinc content in Al-Zn alloys continuously changes the dendrite growth direction from $\langle100\rangle$ to $\langle110\rangle$ in {100} planes. At intermediate compositions, between 25 wt pct and 55 wt pct Zn, $\langle320\rangle$ dendrites and textured seaweeds were reported. The reason for this dendrite orientation transition is that this system exhibits a large solubility of zinc, a hexagonal metal, in the primary fcc aluminum phase, thus modifying its weak solid–liquid interfacial energy anisotropy. Owing to the complexity of the phenomenology, there is still no satisfactory theory that predicts all the observed microstructures. The current study is thus aimed at better understanding the formation of these structures. This is provided by the access to their 3D morphologies via synchrotron-based X-ray tomographic microscopy of quenched Bridgman solidified specimens in combination with the determination of the crystal orientation of the dendrites by electron-backscattered diffraction. Most interestingly, all alloys with intermediate compositions were shown to grow as seaweeds, constrained to grow mostly in a (001) symmetry plane, by an alternating growth direction mechanism. Thus, these structures are far from random and are considered less hierarchically ordered than common dendrites.