Relevance of corona virus in food industry: A literature review on risks,challenges, and potential preventive measures

Food industry is highly affected by COVID-19 pandemic; therefore, the preventive measures and precautions to be taken to reduce the risk of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and incidence of infection are necessary. This review integrate and analyze the available information and data on precautions of corona virus in food industry in pursuance of informing the public and the scientific community, as well as creating collective knowledge among food industry establishment and raising awareness of preventive measures during COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, the information and data have been reviewed about the transmitting routs of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the preventive measures and precautions to be taken in food industry during COVID-19 pandemic in order to reduce the risk of transmission of the virus and incidence of the infection. The restriction of spreading corona virus through food industry in procedures, such as manufacturing, processing, packing, transporting. The transmitting routs of the SARS-CoV-2 virus are studied adequately in favor of suggesting strategies from the present scenarios. Limited number of publications has identified the risk factors for COVID-19 and preventive measures, especially in food industry. Findings from this review may contribute to promoting research and spreading knowledge among food industry establishment and raise awareness of preventive measures in food industry during COVID-19 pandemic.     

Programming Delayed Dissolution Into Sacrificial Bioinks For Dynamic Temporal Control of Architecture within 3D-Bioprinted Constructs

Sacrificial printing allows introduction of architectural cues within engineered tissue constructs. This strategy adopts the use of a 3D-printed sacrificial ink that is embedded within a bulk hydrogel which is subsequently dissolved to leave open-channels. However, current conventional sacrificial inks do not recapitulate the dynamic nature of tissue development, such as the temporal presentation of architectural cues matching cellular requirements during different stages of maturation. To address this limitation, a new class of sacrificial inks is developed that exhibits tailorable and programmable delayed dissolution profiles (1–17 days), by exploiting the unique ability of the ruthenium complex and sodium persulfate initiating system to crosslink native tyrosine groups present in non-chemically modified gelatin. These novel sacrificial inks are also shown to be compatible with a range of biofabrication technologies, including extrusion-based printing, digital-light processing, and volumetric bioprinting. Further embedding these sacrificial templates within cell-laden bulk hydrogels displays precise control over the spatial and temporal introduction of architectural features into cell-laden hydrogel constructs. This approach demonstrates the unique capacity of delaying dissolution of sacrificial inks to modulate cell behavior, improving the deposition of mineralized matrix and capillary-like network formation in osteogenic and vasculogenic culture, respectively.     

Insights into Phase Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of the Eutectoid Ti–6.4(wt%)Ni Alloy Modified with Fe and Cr

Titanium alloys gain increasing importance in industry due to the expansion of advanced manufacturing technologies such as additive manufacturing. Conventional titanium alloys processed by such technologies suffer from formation of large primary grains and anisotropy of mechanical properties. Therefore, novel alloys are required. Herein, the effect of ternary alloying elements Fe and Cr on the Ti–6.4(wt%)Ni eutectoid system is investigated. Both elements act as eutectoid formers. Fe and Cr show sluggish transformation behavior, whereas Ni is an active eutectoid-forming element. Thereby, sluggish refers to slow and active to fast transformation kinetics. The focus of this work is on the combined addition of such elements studied under different heat-treatment conditions. It is shown in the results that largely varying microstructures can be generated resulting in hardness values ranging from 239 to 556 HV_0.1. Moreover, the formation of a substructure within the α phase of direct aged alloys is observed. The formation mechanism of this substructure is investigated in detail. The mechanical properties are discussed based on the microstructural characteristics. The presence of intermetallic Ti₂Ni phase increases the Young's modulus, whereas the presence of ω phase results in embrittlement. The results shed light upon the complex phase formation and decomposition behavior of titanium alloys based on Ti–6.4Ni.