均方根值——平均值检波器——一种脉冲干扰抑制效果更佳的新型CISPR加权检波器

阐述了加权的目的,给出了新型均方根值(RMS)——平均值(AV)检波器的加权特性评估和加权函数的定义。同时对使用准峰值和平均值检波方式所得到的测量结果与使用均方根值—平均值检波方式所得到的测量结果进行了比较。根据比较结果,提出了均方根值——平均值检波方式所对应的发射类测试限值的建议。     

Diazoverbindungen. 72. (Diazoalkyl)phosphane – Synthese durch elektrophile Diazoalkansubstitution und oxidative Additionsreaktionen am Phosphor

Diazo Compounds. 72. Diazoalkylphosphanes – Synthesis by Electrophilic Diazoalkane Substitution and Oxidative Addition Reactions at Phosphorus Electrophilic diazoalkane substitution of the diazomethyl compounds 1a,b with the chloro phosphanes 2a-o in the presence of lithium diethylamide yields the diazoalkyl phosphanes 3a-z . Oxidative addition of oxygen, sulfur and selenium at phosphorus leads into the series of oxo, thioxo and selenoxo phosphanes having diazoalkyl substituents ( 4a-d, 5a-m and 7a-d ). The silyl group of 5n,o is cleaved by chromatography on aluminium oxide to yield the (diazomethyl)phosphane sulfides 6a,b .     

Alkylthio-substituierte Bis(benzol-1,2-dithiolato)zinkate,Benzol-1,2-dithiole und -1,2-dithiolate – Edukte für Dibenzo[c,g](1,2,5,6)tetrathiocine und Benzo[c](1,2,3)-trithiole; Untersuchungen zu Benzodithieten und ortho-Dithiobenzochinonen

Alkylthiosubstituted Bis(benzene-1,2-dithiolato)zincates, Benzene-1,2-dithioles, and -1,2-dithiolates – Educts for Dibenzo[c,g](1,2,5,6)tetrathiocins, and Benzo[c](1,2,3)trithioles; Investigations on Benzodithietes and ortho-Dithiobenzochinones Using benzenehexathiolate 1 it is possible to synthesize alkylthio-substituted benzo-1,3-dithiole-2-thiones 2 , or -ones 3 and benzo-di(1,3-dithiole-2-thiones) 4 , or -ones 5 , resp., which were cleaved under basic conditions. The generated benzene-1,2-dithiolates 7 were isolated as benzene-dithiolato zincates 8 , benzene-1,2-dithioles 11 , and benzene-1-thiole-2-thiolates 10 . Dibenzo[c,g](1,2,5,6)-tetrathiocins 9 were synthesized by oxidation of 7 or 8 in good yields. For the per(methylthio)-substituted tetrathiocin 9a the twist conformation was proved by x-ray structure analysis. The tetrathiocin 9a was probably formed via the orthodithiobenzoquinone 13a . Photolysis of 3a at room temperature in solution led to 9a and tetrakis(methylthio)benzo[c] (1,2,3)trithiole 12a as the main product, which was also formed by irradiation of 9a . The trithioles 12 were formed from 8 by reaction with sulfur dichloride. 12a was investigated by x-ray structure analysis. ortho-Dithiobenzoquinone 13c can be claimed as an intermediate upon irradiation of benzo-1,3-dithiol-2-one 3c in an argon matrix at 10 K. Depending on the wavelength the equilibrium lies either on the side of dithiobenzoquinone 13c or benzodithiete 14c . The same is true for system 15/16 , which can be reached by flash vacuum pyrolysis of 3c .     

Aurora Kinase A Is Involved in Controlling the Localization of Aquaporin-2 in Renal Principal Cells

The cAMP-dependent aquaporin-2 (AQP2) redistribution from intracellular vesicles into the plasma membrane of renal collecting duct principal cells induces water reabsorption and fine-tunes body water homeostasis. However, the mechanisms controlling the localization of AQP2 are not understood in detail. Using immortalized mouse medullary collecting duct (MCD4) and primary rat inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells as model systems, we here discovered a key regulatory role of Aurora kinase A (AURKA) in the control of AQP2. The AURKA-selective inhibitor Aurora-A inhibitor I and novel derivatives as well as a structurally different inhibitor, Alisertib, prevented the cAMP-induced redistribution of AQP2. Aurora-A inhibitor I led to a depolymerization of actin stress fibers, which serve as tracks for the translocation of AQP2-bearing vesicles to the plasma membrane. The phosphorylation of cofilin-1 (CFL1) inactivates the actin-depolymerizing function of CFL1. Aurora-A inhibitor I decreased the CFL1 phosphorylation, accounting for the removal of the actin stress fibers and the inhibition of the redistribution of AQP2. Surprisingly, Alisertib caused an increase in actin stress fibers and did not affect CFL1 phosphorylation, indicating that AURKA exerts its control over AQP2 through different mechanisms. An involvement of AURKA and CFL1 in the control of the localization of AQP2 was hitherto unknown.     

Zur heterogenkatalytischen Oxydation und Ammoxydation von Isobuten. IV. Über die Beeinflussung der heterogenkatalytischen Oxydation von Isobuten zu Methacrolein durch n-Buten

On the Heterogeneous-Catalytic Oxidation and Ammoxidation of Isobutene. IV. Influence of n-Butene on the Heterogeneous-Catalytic Oxidation of Isobutene to Methacroleine The influence of n-butenes 2 on the oxidation of isobutenes 1 to methacroleine 3 has been investigated in presence of a catalyst containing Bi, Mo, P, Fe, Mg, Mn, Si and O. Addition of 2 to the gas mixture increase the selectivity and yield of 3 . This fact can be correlated by decrease of oxygen partial pressure in consequence of the dehydrogenation of 2 to butadiene 4 .     

The effect of cocoa fermentation and weak organic acids on growth and ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus species

The acidic characteristics of cocoa beans have influence on flavor development in chocolate. Cocoa cotyledons are not naturally acidic, the acidity comes from organic acids produced by the fermentative microorganisms which grow during the processing of cocoa. Different concentrations of these metabolites can be produced according to the fermentation practices adopted in the farms, which could affect the growth and ochratoxin A production by fungi. This work presents two independent experiments carried out to investigate the effect of some fermentation practices on ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus carbonarius in cocoa, and the effect of weak organic acids such as acetic, lactic and citric at different pH values on growth and ochratoxin A production by A. carbonarius and Aspergillus niger in culture media. A statistical difference (ρ<0.05) in the ochratoxin A level in the cured cocoa beans was observed in some fermentation practices adopted. The laboratorial studies demonstrate the influence of organic acids on fungal growth and ochratoxin A production, with differences according to the media pH and the organic acid present. Acetic acid was the most inhibitory acid against A. carbonarius and A. niger. From the point of view of food safety, considering the amount of ochratoxin A produced, fermentation practices should be conducted towards the enhancement of acetic acid, although lactic and citric acids also have an important role in lowering the pH to improve the toxicity of acetic acid.     

Gewinnung leichter Kohlenwasserstoffe aus schweren Ölen — Verfahren und Entwicklungen

Manufacture of light hydrocarbons from heavy oils – processes and developments . High quality crude oils are running short and their price continues to increase. At the same time there is a trend towards light petroleum products for use as transportation fuels or petrochemical raw materials. Consequently, the conversion of heavy oils, i.e., particularly distillation residues but also heavy oils from tar sands, is gaining increasing commercial importance. The cracking processes currently used in the refining industry are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on their application to metal-and asphaltene-containing heavy oils. Feed pretreatment by solvent deasphalting is discussed and the manufacture of syncrude from tar sands is considered. New developments for conversion of heavy oils are outlined. The future production of shale oil and of transportation fuels from oil shale is briefly treated.     

Tetrazolverbindungen. 1. 1-Aryl-5-(2-dialkylamino-vinyl)-1H-tetrazole aus 3-Chlor-propen-iminiumsalzen

Tetrazole Compounds. 1. 1-Aryl-5-(2-dialkylamino-vinyl)-1H-tetrazoles from 3-Chloropropeniminium Salts 3-Chloropropeniminium salts 1 react with excess sodium azide in refluxing alcohols to give mainly 1-aryl-5-(2-dialkylamino-vinyl)-1H-tetrazoles 3 ; in minor quantities isomeric 5-aryl-1-(2-dialkylamino-vinyl)-1H-tetrazoles 4 are formed. The reaction involves splitting off N₂ and C → N migration of the aryl and dialkylaminovinyl group, respectively. A cross-over experiment indicated that the rearrangement step proceeds intramolecularly. — The i.r., u.v., and n.m.r. spectroscopic data of the novel 1H-tetrazoles 3 as well as the u.v. spectra of some new starting products 1k—v are reported.